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Integration of Piecewise Continuous Functions
Michel Beaudin, Frédérick Henri, Geneviève SavardÉTS, Montréal, Canada
ACA 2013 Applications of Computer Algebra
Session: Applications and Libraries Development in Derive and TI-Nspire
Malaga, Spain, July 2-6
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Abstract
Piecewise functions are important in applied mathematics and engineering students need to deal
with them often. In Nspire CAS, templates are an easy way to define piecewise functions; in
DERIVE, linear combination of indicator functions can be used. Nspire CAS integrates
symbolically any piecewise continuous function ─ and returns, as expected, an everywhere
continuous antiderivative ─ as long as this function is not multiplied by another expression.
DERIVE knows how to integrate sign(a x + b) f(x) where f is an arbitrary function, a and b real
numbers and “sign” stands for the signum function: this is why products of a piecewise function
with any other expression can be integrated symbolically. This will be the first part of our talk.
In the second part of this talk, we will show some implementations that will allow Nspire CAS to
integrate symbolically products of piecewise functions with expressions: the starting point was the
discovery of a non-documented function of Nspire CAS. Examples of various operations between
two piecewise functions will be given. As a final example, we will show how we have defined a
Fourier series function in Nspire CAS that performs as well as DERIVE’s built-in “Fourier”
function.
Keywords: Piecewise functions, integration, Fourier series.
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Overview
1. Integration of piecewise continuous functions: some problems with Nspire
2. No problem with DERIVE! Why?3. Our solution:
Programming new functions in Nspire
4. Some applications: Fourier Series and deSolve
5. Conclusion
I
II
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Integration of Piecewise Continuous Functions: Problems with Nspire
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Integration of Piecewise ContinuousFunctions: Problems with Nspire
Nspire adjusts the constants of integration such that f2 is a continuous function.
Nspire has a nice template that helps the user define piecewise continuous functions.
Symbolic integration of this kind of function will be performed by Nspire CAS.
What Nspire does well :
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Integration of Piecewise ContinuousFunctions: Problems with Nspire
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A problem arises when ∞ appears in one of the subdomains.
Nspire can’t compute the antiderivative of this
function...
....nor this function.
Integration of Piecewise ContinuousFunctions: Problems with Nspire
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A problem occurs when the piecewise function is multiplied by another function (even a very simple one).
Nspire can’t find the antiderivative.
Integration of Piecewise ContinuousFunctions: Problems with Nspire
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Nspire can’t compute the exact value…because it does not simplify the product into a single piecewise function.
A problem occurs when we multiply 2 piecewise functions.
Integration of Piecewise ContinuousFunctions: Problems with Nspire
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No Problem with DERIVE! Why?• Defining piecewise functions with
some built-in functions (CHI, SIGN, STEP)
• A very useful integration rule
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• Instead of templates, we may use indicator functions to define piecewise functions in DERIVE.
• In DERIVE, Indicator (CHI), Signum (SIGN) and Heaviside (STEP) functions are built-in; in Nspire CAS, only sign is implemented.
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Defining Piecewise Functions
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1 SIGN( )STEP( )2
xx
CHI( , , ) STEP( ) STEP( )a x b x a x b
1, 0SIGN( ) 1, 0
1, 0
xx x
x
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Defining Piecewise FunctionsDERIVE uses the following definitions:
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No problem with DERIVE! Why?Defining Piecewise Functions
Even though STEP and CHI are not built-in in Nspire, one can easily define them.
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-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
1
2
3
x
y
f(x)CHI(-2,x,1)
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
1
2
3
x
yf(x)
CHI(-2,x,1)For example, if we need the piece of f(x) between -2 and 1, we just multiply f(x) by CHI(-2, x, 1):
Values at the extremities of the subintervals are irrelevant, as far as integration is concerned.
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Defining Piecewise FunctionsWe define piecewise functions in DERIVE as a combination of CHI functions.
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An other example :
)
+(𝟐−𝒙)· χ ( 2, 𝑥 , 5¿+sin ( 𝒙 ) · χ ( 5 ,𝑥 ,∞ ¿
¿
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Defining Piecewise Functions
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Nspire DERIVE
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Integrating Piecewise Functions
Both systems can integrate the piecewise function f1(x).
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DERIVE
As you can see, the constants of integration differ.
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Integrating Piecewise Functions
Nspire
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We have seen that Nspire CAS is unable to integrate symbolically a product of a piecewise function with another expression.
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Integrating Product with Piecewise Functions
Can DERIVE find the antiderivative?
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DERIVE is able to compute the antiderivative of f1(x)cos(x).
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Integrating Product with Piecewise Functions
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No problem with DERIVE! Why?Integrating Product of 2 Piecewise FunctionsWe have seen that Nspire CAS is unable to integrate symbolically a product of 2 piecewise function.
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Let’s compute the same integration with DERIVE.
The exact value.
DERIVE unifies the product into a combination of SIGN functions.
No problem with DERIVE! Why?Integrating Product of 2 Piecewise Functions
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The reasons: 1. Piecewise functions are defined as a combination of
CHI functions (and this simplifies to SIGN functions). 2. DERIVE knows the rule
( )SIGN( )
SIGN( ) ( ) SUBST ( ) , ,
f x ax b dx
bax b f x dx f x dx xa
R1
No problem with DERIVE! Why?
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This rule is combined with the following rule
when DERIVE computes an integral involving an absolute value. For example,
SIGN( )x x x
2 5 6 .x x dx
No problem with DERIVE! Why?( )SIGN( )
SIGN( ) ( ) SUBST ( ) , ,
f x ax b dx
bax b f x dx f x dx xa
R1
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Our Solution: Programming New Functions in Nspire
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Because Nspire CAS is able to integrate symbolically a unique piecewise function (as long as no infinity appears in the domain!)we thought :a) to transform the product f1(x)f2(x) into a
single piecewise function,b) to “remove” every occurence of “infinity” in
the domain,c) and to use the built-in integrator to
compute definite or indefinite integrals.
Programming New Functions in Nspire
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We want Nspire CAS to continue using its own − attractive − templates instead of using indicator functions.
Programming New Functions in Nspire
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Our colleague Frédérick Henri (“Fred”) has programmed some simple but quite efficient functions.
a) grouper_fct groups in a single piecewise function an expression that contains one or more piecewise subexpressions.
b) fct_sans_infini removes every occurence of ∞ or -∞ in the domain.
c) integral_mcx symbolically integrates (indefinite integral) and integral_mcx_d computes exactly the definite integral using the built-in integrator.
Programming New Functions in Nspire
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Programming New Functions in Nspire
A few examples…
grouper_fct return a single piecewise function
Nspire is unable to unify the product.
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Programming New Functions in Nspire
Without Fred’s package : no exact
value.
integral_mcx_d computes exactly the
definite integral.
A few examples…
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Programming New Functions in Nspire
We observe the same result when using DERIVE.
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integral_mcx integrates symbolically (indefinite integral) .
Programming New Functions in Nspire
grouper_fct also works with exponentiation.
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Let’s explain some simple algorithms and show some code.First of all, in order to manipulate piecewise functions, we need a command to extract pieces of the function. Extraction is not documented into Nspire CAS user guide, but the following “discovery” saved us!
Programming New Functions in Nspire
part()
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Programming New Functions in Nspire
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part() is similar to Maple’s op()
Programming New Functions in Nspire
8x
+
9yz
+
*
8 x
*
z*
9 y
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unifier_fcts(f1(x), "/", f2(x), x) =
=
𝑑𝑜𝑚( 𝑓 11)∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚( 𝑓 21)∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛( 𝑓 11/ 𝑓 21)
==
Programming New Functions in Nspire
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Then fct_sans_infini(f3(x))
Programming New Functions in Nspire
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grouper_fct(f, x): generalizes unifier_fcts by working recursively (in case of more complicated functions).
Programming New Functions in Nspire
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grouper_fct(f, x) := operator := part(f, 0) If f doesn’t contain a piecewise subexpression Then Return f Else f1(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 1), x) f2(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 2), x) Return unifier_fcts(f1(x), operator, f2(x), x) Endif
Programming New Functions in Nspire
* part(f,0)
part(f,1) part(f,2)
f
part(f,1)
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grouper_fct(f, x) := operator := part(f, 0) If f doesn’t contain a piecewise subexpression Then Return f Else f1(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 1), x) f2(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 2), x) Return unifier_fcts(f1(x), operator, f2(x), x) Endif
Programming New Functions in Nspire
* part(f,0)
part(f,1) part(f,2)
ff
6x 1
+
f doesn’t contain piecewise subexp.Return 6x+1
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grouper_fct(f, x) := operator := part(f, 0) If f doesn’t contain a piecewise subexpression Then Return f Else f1(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 1), x) f2(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 2), x) Return unifier_fcts(f1(x), operator, f2(x), x) Endif
Programming New Functions in Nspire
* part(f,0)
6x+1f1(x) part(f,2)
f f
5
part(f,1)
part(f,2)
+
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grouper_fct(f, x) := operator := part(f, 0) If f doesn’t contain a piecewise subexpression Then Return f Else f1(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 1), x) f2(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 2), x) Return unifier_fcts(f1(x), operator, f2(x), x) Endif
Programming New Functions in Nspire
* part(f,0)
part(f,2)
f f
6x+1f1(x)
5
part(f,1)
part(f,2)
+
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grouper_fct(f, x) := operator := part(f, 0) If f doesn’t contain a piecewise subexpression Then Return f Else f1(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 1), x) f2(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 2), x) Return unifier_fcts(f1(x), operator, f2(x), x) Endif
Programming New Functions in Nspire
* part(f,0)
6x+1f1(x) f2(x)
f f
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grouper_fct(f, x) := operator := part(f, 0) If f doesn’t contain a piecewise subexpression Then Return f Else f1(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 1), x) f2(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 2), x) Return unifier_fcts(f1(x), operator, f2(x), x) Endif
Programming New Functions in Nspire
* part(f,0)
f
6x+1f1(x) f2(x)
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grouper_fct(f, x) := operator := part(f, 0) If f doesn’t contain a piecewise subexpression Then Return f Else f1(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 1), x) f2(x):= grouper_fct(part(f, 2), x) Return unifier_fcts(f1(x), operator, f2(x), x) Endif
Programming New Functions in Nspire
f
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Some Applications: Fourier Series and deSolve with Nspire
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Let us recall that if an expression f of the variable t is defined over the interval t1 < t < t2 and extended outside the interval by periodicity (the period being P = t2 - t1), then the Fourier polynomial of order n of f is the following trigonometric polynomial:
Some Applications: Fourier Series
2 2 2
11 1 1
0
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2cos cos sin sin2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2that is: cos sin2
t t tn
kt t t
n
k kk
k t k t k t k tf dt f dt f dtt t t t t t t t t t t t t t
a k t k ta bP P
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And this is DERIVE’s definition from the library “Applications of Integration”.
Some Applications: Fourier Series
2 2 2
11 1 1
0
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2cos cos sin sin2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2that is: cos sin2
t t tn
kt t t
n
k kk
k t k t k t k tf dt f dt f dtt t t t t t t t t t t t t t
a k t k ta bP P
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At ETS, when students need to compute the Fourier coefficients of a periodic signal, they use their TI-Nspire CX CAS handheld to compute the integrals (for the Fourier coefficients).
Then, they store the coefficients and are able to produce any partial sum in exact arithmetic.
Some Applications: Fourier Series
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The signal is neither odd nor even. So, using Nspire CAS, we compute the Fourier coefficients, splitting the integrals ourselves into two parts!
Here is an example. Students are asked to find the Fourier series of the following 2 - periodic signal.
Some Applications: Fourier Series
, 0( ) ( 2 ) ( )
2 , 2x
f x f x f xx x
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We split the integrals into two parts.
Then we “inform” Nspire CAS that “n” is an integer (in order to simplify the Fourier coefficients).
Some Applications: Fourier Series
, 0( ) ( 2 ) ( )
2 , 2x
f x f x f xx x
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Some Applications: Fourier Series
, 0( ) ( 2 ) ( )
2 , 2x
f x f x f xx x
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As mathematics teachers, we are comfortable with
this procedure and don’t see any reason to stop
using it. But on the computer algebra side, being
able to automate this procedure is something
interesting.
We are still teaching some integration techniques
despite the fact that the CAS system has a built-in
integrator! So, why not define, in Nspire CAS, a
“Fourier” function like the one DERIVE has?
Some Applications: Fourier Series
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The main goal is to have a Fourier series function able to work in exact mode for piecewise signals. This is where the function integral_mcx_d will be useful, replacing the TI’s built-in integrator.
So, we have defined a “Fourier series function” in Nspire CAS. Using the same syntax as DERIVE and replacing the built-in TI integrator by the integral_mcx_d function. Let’s check the result.
Some Applications: Fourier Series
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Some Applications: Fourier Series
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Let us mention another interesting application.
With the command “deSolve”, Nspire CAS can easily solve
second order differential equations with constant coefficients …
as long as the RHS of the differential equation consists of a
single piece.
Nspire CAS solves a linear second order ODE by using the
method of variation of parameters. This method involves
computing integrals.
Some Applications: deSolve
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For example, if we try to find a general solution to
We will find this:
Observe the two integrals that Nspire CAS can’t compute.
sin( ), 05 6 ( ) where ( )
0t
t ty y y f t f t
te t
Some Applications: deSolve
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When the RHS of an ODE is piecewise, Laplace transforms are usually used. But in this example, t can accept negative values.
With its command “DSOLVE2”, DERIVE can solve the former ODE because DERIVE can compute the last integrals.
So, we have programmed our own desolve2_gen command.
Some Applications: deSolve
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Our method is still using the variation of parameters but the built-in integrator of Nspire CAS is replaced by Fred’s function integral_mcx_d.
Let us do the example once more.
Some Applications: deSolve
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Some Applications: deSolve
This command is able to find a general solution to the ODE y’’ + 5y + 6y = f(t).
It’s always important to verify the answer!
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Conclusion
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Conclusion
• At ÉTS, we have adopted TI technology. It started in 1999 with the TI-92 Plus; then V200 in 2002 and Nspire CAS CX since in 2011.
• The CAS system is appropriate for engineering mathematics at the undergraduate level.
• But many mathematics teachers are still using CAS software like Maple or DERIVE; as a consequence, they often want Nspire CAS to be able to perform as well as these systems!
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Conclusion
• In the past two years, we have been asking TI to launch a new OS version of their CAS system.
• For the moment, most of their efforts have been on the side of the overall interface of Nspire CAS.
• This is correct. But, for mathematicians, the CAS engine should be ranked first.
• “If you want something done right, do it yourself”.
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Conclusion
• The mathematicians needed the help of a programmer. Frédérick Henri started to work with us.
• A new team of researchers was formed. In this talk, we showed some results of our collaboration.
• With these new functions programmed by Frédérick Henri, the built-in integrator of Nspire CAS can now be extended to products of piecewise functions.
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Conclusion
• One consequence we showed was the definition of a “Fourier function” similar to DERIVE’s one.
• And when the TI built-in integrator will be able to integrate symbolically piecewise expressions, its “deSolve” command will become better.
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Conclusion
The tns file “Kit_ETS_FH” is available for download at http://www.seg.etsmtl.ca/nspire/COURS/Kit_ETS_FH.tns
The Website http://seg-apps.etsmtl.ca/nspire/also contains many examples for using TI-Nspire CAS for undergraduate engineering studies.
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Thank You!
Michel Beaudin, Frédérick Henri, Geneviève SavardÉTS, Montréal, Canada