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ENERGY SOURCES-
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
Integrated Science C
Mrs. Brostrom
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OBJECTIVES: Describe the availability, current uses
and environmental issues related to the use of hydrogen fuel cells, wind and solar energy to produce electricity.
Describe human efforts to reduce the consumption of raw materials and improve air and water quality.
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THE ENERGY PROBLEM How will society meet
growing energy demands in a sustainable manner?
Fossil-fuels currently supply ~80% of world energy demand.
Only about 50 years left for fossil fuels if we use as current rates
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TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Nuclear Energy Solar Energy Hydroelectric Energy Wind Energy Wave Farms Biomass Geothermal Energy Hydrogen Fuel Cells
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SOLAR ENERGY Energy received from the sun in the
form of radiation Renewable resource Can be used to heat homes, generate
electricity Photovoltaic cellsSolar cellsSolar collectors
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SOLAR PANELS Solar collectors
are dark colored boxes that have glass or plastic tops used to heat water in pipes running through it
Photovoltaic cells are an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect
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SOLAR POWER GENERATION
Not all parts of Earth get the same amount of sunlight Solar farms located in desert/high intensity/long
sunlight hours Parabolic mirrors reflect/focus sun’s rays onto
metal water pipe located along focal axis of mirrors.
High temperature produced
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SOLAR POWER Advantages:
doesn’t pollute air or waterRenewable resource
DisadvantagesWeather- cloudsTime of day- nightExpensive- but there are many programs to subsidize costs
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HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Falling water releases energy Depends on sunlight
Rivers are created through the processes of the water cycle
Energy is harnessed by damsCreate large holding places for waterFalling water pours through turbines and
makes them spinTurbines are connected to generators that
produce energy
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HYDROELECTRIC DAM
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HYDROELECTRIC POWER Renewable
resource Advance sin
technology could make energy generation more efficient at existing dams
Dams can alter a river’s flood and erosion pattern
Most big rivers have dams alreadyLittle potential for
expansion
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSBACzRE3Gw 4:35
WAVE FARM
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WIND POWER Indirectly connected to solar energy
because wind is caused by unequal heating of air
Windmill drives an electric generator
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OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES
Larger average wind speed than onshore
Easier planning consent Technical expertise
exists from oil rig experience
Suitable location
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6BkPmKBJ9Y1:56
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WIND POWERAdvantages: Renewable
resource No pollution Low cost
Disadvantages: Wind can be
unreliable Bird/bat kills Disruption of
marine floor habitat- offshore
Eye sore- not in my backyard
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BIOMASS Energy generated from the combustion of
plant material and animal waste In CT, all of trash is combusted at trash to
energy facilities Ethanol
Fuel made from corn or sugarAll gasoline contains 10% ethanol
BiodieselMade by transforming animal fat or vegetable oil
with alcohol .Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil, soybean
oil, or recycled restaurant grease. Directly substituted for diesel either as fuel or as an oxygenate additive
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BIOMASS ENERGYAdvantages: Renewable resource Reduction of waste Extremely low emission of
greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels
Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
Disadvantages: Biomass processing
technologies and biofuels use have the potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors
Increase in NOx emissions
Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful
Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients
Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops contaminate ground and surface water
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES
• Geothermal energy is produced from reservoirs of hot water and steam under the Earth's crust.• Beds of molten magma heat water or steam• Wells are drilled ad the steam rises• Turning a turbine to generate electric power
• Major source of energy in volcanic areas
• New Zealand, Iceland, California
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGYAdvantages: No air pollution Easy to harness
when magma beds are close to the surface
Disadvantages Use of this
resource is limited due to lack of magma beds close to the surface
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HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS A fuel cell is a device that converts the
chemical from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen
Chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead
Use hydrogen and oxygen as the chemicals
https://vimeo.com/26927550 1:45
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FUEL CELL ENERGYAdvantages: Most abundant
element on Earth No harmful
emissions Efficient- more
energy for less fuel
Renewable resource
Disadvantages: Needs fossil fuels
to break apart H from O
Expensive Hard to transport No existing
infrastructure to support H fuel
Highly flammable