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Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) General Training
• Dan Schwartz, DVM, Attending Vet. [email protected]
• Stephen Devoto, PhD, Chair (685-3461) [email protected]
• Peter Shatos, An Facility Supv. (685-2939) [email protected]
• February 3, 2015 edition • iacuc.web.wesleyan.edu • olaw.nih.gov • www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare • IACUC Central: iacuc.org
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Animal Welfare Act
• AWA was enacted in 1966, covers warm-blooded vertebrates except lab mice (Mus), lab rats (Rattus), birds bred-for-research, and farm animals and horse not used in biomedical research.
• Registers animal dealers, exhibitors, carriers, and research facilities and requires annual reporting (Wesleyan: dropped)
• Has specific standards for transportation and care of dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates and general standards for other mammals (e.g., gerbils)
• Mandates adequate veterinary care – Attending Veterinarian • Is enforced by unannounced site visits by APHIS AC vets • 1985: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC),
pain/distress, survival surgery, dog exercise, NHP enrichment, Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Animal Welfare
www.aphis.usda.gov
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AWA IACUC
• Includes at least 1 veterinarian and at least 1 member not otherwise affiliated with the institution appointed by CEO
• Reviews and approves protocols for: – Justification of species and numbers of animals – Procedures to minimize pain and distress – Method of euthanasia (or other disposition)
• Inspects housing and study areas and submits evaluations to Institutional Official (IO) at least once every 6 months
• Ensures training of animal care staff and researchers • Addresses concerns regarding animal care and use
reportable concerns: oacu.od.nih.gov/UsefulResources/Incident_Checklist.pdf
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Public Health Service Policy • Health Research Extension Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-158) • U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of
Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm#USGovPrinciples
(life sciences and medical research)
• Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1st edition 1963 by NIH; 8th edition 2011 by ILAR
• Animal Welfare Assurance; IACUC, Annual Report Wesleyan #A3956-01
olaw.nih.gov
nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12910
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Wildlife in Research • American Society of Ichthyologists & Herpetologists Guidelines
to the Use of Amphibians & Reptiles in Research • American Fisheries Society, American Institute of Fisheries
Research Biologists & American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists 2004
• American Society of Mammalogists Animal Care and Use Guidelines 2011
• Ornithological Council Guidelines to the Use of Wild Birds in Research 2010
• Federal and state scientific collectors permits and import permits: Federal: fws.gov/endangered CT State: ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?
a=2702&q=323460&deepNav_GID=1628#ScientificCollectionPermits
iacuc.org has links for organizations
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AAALAC
Association for Assessment
and Accreditation for Laboratory Animal Care International
(founded in 1965 as American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care)
UCHC 1977 aaalac.org
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Animal Care (Husbandry)
• Environmental factors • Chemical factors • Microbial factors
• aalas.org
• Notify Veterinarian of unanticipated problems
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Pain and Distress • Behavioral signs • Physiology & biochemistry
• Notify veterinarian of unanticipated problems for veterinary care.
oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/documents/Pain_and_Distress.pdf www.aclam.org/Content/files/files/Public/Active/position_pain-rodent-rabbit.pdf
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Alternatives to Painful Procedures
• USDA Animal Care Policies #11 & 12 --- Pain/Distress http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/policy.php
• WMS Russell and RL Burch's ‘3Rs’ (The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, 1959)
altweb.jhsph.edu/pubs/books/humane_exp/het-toc
oacu.od.nih.gov/training/PI/references/10NIHlibaltsearchtips.pdf
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Replacement
• Substituting conscious living “higher” animals with less sentient materials – ”Lower" living systems: rodents, fish, invertebrates – Non-feeling systems: tissue cultures, Ames test – Computer simulation: chemical reactions, dissections
The Visible Mouse: Mouse Necropsy Etc. On-Line:
tvmouse.compmed.ucdavis.edu eulep.pdn.cam.ac.uk/Links/index.php
Several Species Dissections: oslovet.veths.no/produkter.aspx?
category=6_Dissection
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Reduction
• Using fewer animals to obtain the same amount or more scientific information – Improved statistical design – Animal sharing – Improved quality of animals
• Genetic modified (GM) – carcinogenicity models: Tg.AC and rasH2 transgenic and p53+/- and XPA-/- knockout mice
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Refinement • Altering experimental procedures to minimize discomfort
– Improved control of pain – Improved technical skills – Application of endpoints – Improved instrumentation – Less stress: telemetry – Less invasive procedures
• Endoscopy/laparoscopy • Confocal microscopy • Magnetic resonance imaging • Biophotonics • MicroCAT system
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Drug Violations • USDA Animal Care Policy #3 --- Veterinary Care http://
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/policy.php – Prohibits use of expired medical materials – Prohibits use of non-pharmaceutical-grade chemical
compounds • oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/documents/
Pharmaceutical_Compounds.pdf – Requires good record keeping
• Controlled substances – Each secure storage site requires CT registration
• www.ct.gov/dcp/cwp/view.asp?a=1620&q=512944 • www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/categories.htm • ACLAM Formulary (3rd Ed 2005)
– www.aclam.org/books
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Surgery & Aseptic Techniques
• Instruments • Facilities • Animal preparation • Surgeon preparation
http://oacu.od.nih.gov/training_resources/survival_rodent_surgery.htm oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/documents/Rodent_Surgery.pdf
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Occupational Health • Zoonoses
• Protocol – related
• Trauma • Allergies
– >10%
books.nap.edu/books/0309052998/html/1.html www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index.htm
www.ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/Documents/IV.2%20Animal%20Exposure%20Program.pdf : lab rodents, lab fish, lab birds – tenatus (booster every 10 yr)
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Euthanasia/Training AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia (2013) • avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf • oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/documents/Rodent_Euthanasia_Adult.pdf Internet training resources • NIH OACU Guidelines: oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/index.htm
NIH Training Resources: oacu.od.nih.gov/training_resources/index.htm – Aquatics Training Resources – Rodent Restraint Procedures – Rodent Blood Collection Procedures – Rodent Compound Administration Procedures – Rodent Genotyping & Identification Procedures – Rodent Euthanasia Procedures – Survival Rodent Surgery – Transgenic mouse Breeding
jove.com video articles on many procedures
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Ethical Considerations
• Foundation for Biomed Research fbresearch.org • Scientific American sciam.com (Feb 1997 issue debate) • February 4, 1966 Life Magazine, page 22
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Birds as Animal Models in the Behavioral and Neural Sciences
Volume 51 Issue 4; 2010: ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/4.toc • Contributions of Bird Studies to Behavioral and Neurobiological Research • The Role of Hair Cell Regeneration in an Avian Model of Inner Ear Injury
and Repair from Acoustic Trauma • Applications of Avian Transgenesis • The Songbird as a Model for the Generation and Learning of Complex
Sequential Behaviors • Sleep, Learning, and Birdsong • A Social Ethological Perspective Applied to Care of and Research on
Songbirds • The Use of Passerine Bird Species in Laboratory Research: Implications of
Basic Biology for Husbandry and Welfare • Guidelines and Ethical Considerations for Housing and Management of
Psittacine Birds Used in Research • IACUC Perspective on Songbirds and Their Use in Neurobiological Research
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Zebrafish Health and Husbandry Volume 53 Issue 2; June 2012: ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/2.toc
• Introduction: Use of Zebrafish in Research and Importance of Health and Husbandry
• Fundamental Approaches to the Study of Zebrafish Nutrition • Zebrafish Breeding in the Laboratory Environment • Aspects of Larval Rearing • Zebrafish Housing Systems: A Review of Basic Operating Principles and
Considerations for Design and Functionality • Anesthesia and Euthanasia in Zebrafish • Zebrafish Housing, Husbandry, Health, and Care: IACUC Considerations • Zebrafish Resources on the Internet
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Behavioral Assessment in Animal Models: Relevance for
Human Psychopathology Volume 55 Issue 2; 2014: ttp://ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/2.toc
• Social Defeat as an Animal Model for Depression • Maintaining the Clinical Relevance of Animal Models in Translational
Studies of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Animal Models of Fear Relapse • Behavioral, Physiological, and Genetic/Epigenetic Methodologies • The Ups and Downs of Modelling Mood Disorders in Rodents • Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Rodents