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Insects Affecting Production of Native Legume Seed in the Great Basin
Bob Hammon
Tri River Cooperative Extension
Grand Junction CO
Jim CaneUSDA/ARS Bee Biology
& Systematics LabLogan UT
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Insect Pests of Native Plants?
Economic considerations
“Natural controls”
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Hedysarum borealeNorthern Sweetvetch
70%+ seed loss to seed weevils at Meeker CO 1990
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Dalea ornata Western prairie clover
Seed weevils widespread!!
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Lupinus argenteusSilvery Lupine
Significant weevil damage to seed in field collections
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Astragalus filipesBasalt Milkvetch
5 species of weevils damaging seed in 2003/04
Several root boring weevils reported from Astragalus
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2003 Astragalus collection sites
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Weevils
• Curculionidae - True weevils– Tychius (ASFI, HEBO, LUAR)
• Brentidae – Straight-snouted weevils– Taxonomic confusion!!
• Curculionidae, Apionidae, Brentidae
– Apion (DAOR, LUAR)
• Bruchidae - Seed weevils– Acanthoscelides (ASFI, HEBO, DAOR)
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D. ornata A. filipes H. boreale L. argenteus
BruchidaeAcanthoscelides
aureolus L X
daleae
fraterculus X X
oregonensis X
pullus X
BrentidaeApion
amaurum X
proclive L
oedorhychum L
CurculionidaeTychius
lineellus L
semisquamosus X
tectus X L X
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Bruchidae – Seed WeevilsAcanthoscelides
o Head hypognathous (pointed downward)o Antennae arise from base of eyeo Tip of abdomen not covered by elytra
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Acanthoscelides oregonensis
Most seed weevils we are dealingwith are < 2.5 mmIn length
2mm
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Brentidae Curculionidae
Hollyhock weevilApion longirostre
Agave weevilScyphophrus acupunctatus
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Weevil Larvae
• Found within seed pod– Root feeders
• May be within normal-looking seed
• Well developed head capsule
• Legs reduced or absent
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Tychius Life History
• Feed on Fabaceae: Papilionoideae• Seed predators• Adults feed on flowers/ pollen• Oviposit in immature ovaries/pods• Larvae feed on several seeds within pod
– External feeders
• Pupation in soil– Pupation in pods aberrant??
• Overwintering as adult in soil
Clark, W.E. 1977. The curculionid genus Tychius Germar: Natural history and coevolution with leguminous host plants. Southwestern Entomologist 2: 106-124
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Acanthoscelides Life History
• Many species, host plants
• Large diversity of life history
• Oviposition on pods, some spp on seed
• External or internal feeding on seeds, may eat 1 seed completely before moving on
• Multiple generations for some species
• Silken cocoon against side of pod, some spp within a seed
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Handling Collected SeedDon’t bring them home alive
• Inspect seed for damage• Adult weevils on plant material• Larvae within seed• Inspect healthy-looking seed• Keep samples for ID
– Larvae for rearing to adult• Fumigate with No Pest Strip
– Cut into 1” strips– 48h in sealed container
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Management – Field Collection Sites
• Anticipate problems• Monitor the site
– Sweep net– Nocturnal samples
• Pre-bloom soil drench– Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect
Control Concentrate• Imidacloprid
– Cheap, readily available, easy to apply
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Management – Field Plantings
• Monitoring with sweep net– NOCTURNAL!!!!!
• Preventative controls– Target adults pre-oviposition
• Systemic insecticide– Prebloom imidacloprid
• Contact insecticide– Residual pyrethroid
• Pollinator concerns– Non-lethal effects
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Seed Predator Challenges
• Research needs • Many species
– Life history diversity– Taxonomy challenges– Geographic differences
• Widespread distribution– Many legume plantings will be affected
• Yearly changes– We don’t know what next years challenge is
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Seed Production Pesticide Labels
• No labels for “Forbs grown for Seed”
• Field grown ornamentals
http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/SeedProduction.html
[email protected] listserv
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Bob Hammon
Tri River Cooperative Extension
P.O. Box 20,000-5028
Grand Junction CO 81502-5028
(970) 244-1834