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42nd iarigai research conference, Helsinki, 07.09.2015
Risto Koivunen1, Eveliina Jutila1, Roger Bollström2, Patrick Gane1,2
1 Aalto University, Finland2 Omya International AG, Switzerland
Inkjet Printed Reaction Arrays onPigment Coated Substrates
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Background
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Background 1/4:Aims of the research• New platforms for paper-based analytical devices, such as
• Paper-based reaction arrays• Paper-based microfluidic devices
• Based on local hydrophobisation of hydrophilic substrate• Possible applications
• Medical diagnosis• Environmental monitoring• Laboratory research tools
• Previous research on cellulosic papers• Novelty: custom paper coatings
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Background 2/4:Paper-based reaction arrays
Contained liquid spreading
Figure: Carrilho et al. Paper Microzone Plates, Analytical Chemistry 81 (15) 2009, pp. 5990-5998.
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Background 3/4:Paper-based microfluidics
Directed liquid flow along channels
Figure: Li et al. Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidicsensors, Cellulose 17 (3) 2010, pp. 649-659.
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Background 4/4:Paper vs. coating• Advantages of paper
• Highly porous, wicking• Cheap• Disposable
• Benefits of coatings• Variable thickness• Isolated layers• Fine particles and resolution• New surface chemistries (immobilisation, separation)
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Experimental
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Experimental 1/4:Pigment coatings• Applied with laboratory rod coater
• 100 µm wet thickness (27-76 µm dry)• Pigmented polymer film substrate (impermeable)
• Functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) pigment• Hydrophilic surface chemistry• High surface area (105 m2g-1)
• 10-50 pph binder
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Experimental 2/4:Pigment coating binders• Micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC)
• Arbocel MF-40-7 (J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH + Co KG)• 22.3462 CMCX-TYPE (Omya International AG)
• Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)• BF05 (Omya International AG)
• Styrene acrylic latex• Acronal S 728 (BASF)
• Sodium silicate• Product 1056212500 (Merck KGaA)
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Experimental 3/4:Hydrophobic inks• Two custom inks containing
• Solvent (p-xylene)• 5 % hydrophobising agent, either
• Polystyrene (PS) or• Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)
• 0.1 % colorant (Sudan red G)• Inkjet printing
• Dimatix material printer DMP-2831• Ink cartridges with 10 pl nominal drop volume
• AKD ink heat-treated post-printing (100 C for 10 min)
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Experimental 4/4:Test pattern• Arrays of printed rings (reaction array)
• 5 mm inner diameter• 9 mm outer diameter
• Printing parameters varied• Ink applied per unit surface area• Number of ink layers
• Tested with liquid drops dosed at centres• Coloured water• Water-ethanol solutions (select coatings)
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Hydrophobic?No Yes
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Results
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Results 1/3:Barrier properties against water• PS ink as barrier against water
• All coatings could be successfully hydrophobised• Multiple layers of ink required in most cases to form full barrier
• AKD ink as barrier against water• All coatings hydrophobised, except those sodium silicate -bound
• Hydrophobising the binder required• In most cases 1 ink layer sufficed• Lower ink volumes compared to PS ink
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Results 2/3:Ink layers to form water barrier
Ink Coating Nominal ink volume / cm3m-2
100 44 25AKD FCC + MFC A 1 layer 1 layer 2 layers
AKD FCC + MFC B 1 layer 1 layer 1 layer
AKD FCC + PVOH 1 layer 1 layer 1 layerAKD FCC + SA latex 1 layer 1 layer 1 layer
AKD FCC + sodium silicate - - -PS FCC + MFC A 2 layers 5 layers Not tested
PS FCC + MFC B 1 layer 2 layers 4 layersPS FCC + PVOH 3 layers - Not tested
PS FCC + SA latex 1 layer 1 layer -
PS FCC + sodium silicate 3 layers - Not tested
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Results 3/3:Barrier properties (other)• Water-ethanol solutions
• Lower surface tension than plain water• Can penetrate barriers that contain water• AKD barrier penetrated with 30 w/w% ethanol• PS barrier penetrated with 20 w/w% ethanol
• Surfactant solution (1 w/w% Tween 80)• Has higher surface tension than 20 w/w% ethanol• But still penetrates both AKD and PS barriers• Permanent effect (adsorbs to barrier)
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Summary
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Summary and future work• AKD and PS inks could hydrophobise coatings
• Hydrophobising the binder was required• AKD was more efficient in most cases
• Barrier effectiveness• Dependent on liquid surface tension• Surfactants penetrate by adsorption
• Future work• Characterising channels• Practical applications
• Question time!
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