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Infection Control
Principles of DiseasePrinciples of Disease
TransmissionTransmission
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Microorganisms• Small living plant or animal
• Non-pathogens– Live in or on the body– Part of the normal flora– May be beneficial to the body
• Pathogens– Germs– Cause infection
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Types of Pathogens
• Bacteria– One celled plants– Classified by shape
and arrangement– Cocci – strep, staph – Bacilli – TB,
tetanus– Spirilla – syphilis,
cholera
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• Protazoa– One celled animals– Found in decayed material and contaminated
water– Malaria, dysentery
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• Fungi– Simple plant-like
organism
– Live on dead matter
– Yeasts, molds
– Ringworm,athlete’s foot, thrush
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Rickettsiae - Parasitic microorganism– Transmitted to
humans through the bite of a tick,fleas, Typhus and lice, mites
– Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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• Viruses
– Smallest microorganism
– Can only reproduce inside humans cells
– Colds, chicken pox, warts, influenza, HIV, Hepatitis
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Needs of microorganisms
• To Grow– Warmth
– Darkness
– Source of food
– Moisture
– Aerobic need oxygen
– Anaerobic – don’t need oxygen
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How Pathogens Cause Infections
• Poisons/toxins– Ex: tetanus
• Allergic Reactions– Ex: runny nose, sneezing
• Attack and Destroy cells they invade– Ex: malaria
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Additional Classifications • Endogenous
– Originates inside the body
• Exogenous– Originates outside the body
• Nonsocomial– An infection acquired inside the hospital
• Opportunistic– Infections that occur when the body’s immune
system is weak
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Chain of Infection
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Asepsis
• Absence of disease-producing microorganisms
• Any area or object containing pathogens is considered contaminated
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Levels of aseptic Control
• Antisepsis– Prevent or inhibit
the growth of pathogenic organism but are not effective against spores or viruses.
– Ex: Alcohol/Betadine
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Disinfection
• Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms but not always effective against spores or viruses
• Ex: Bleach, Clorox
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Sterilization
• The process that destroys all microorganisms both pathogenic and non-pathogenic including spores and viruses.
• Ex: Steam under pressure, autoclave, gas, radiation, chemicals
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Most Inexpensive, Quickest, and Effective way to prevent the
spread of pathogens
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Standard Precautions
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Two Main Ways Pathogens Spread
• Blood– HIV– Hepatitis B– Hepatitis C
• Body Fluids
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OSHA• Occupational Safety and Health Administration• 1991 established blood-borne pathogen standard regulations
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Regulations
• Determine employees who have occupational exposure
• Provide the Hepatitis B vaccine free
• Provide PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
• Provide adequate hand washing facilities
• Ensure the worksite is maintained in a clean and sanitary condition
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Regulations Cont.• Enforce NO eating , drinking, smoking,
applying lip balm or lipstick, handling contact lenses or mouth pipetting in any area potentially contaminated with blood or body fluids.
• Provide adequate sharps containers coded red/orange
• Post signs in areas where there is occupational exposure
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• Provide confidential medical evaluation and follow up for any employee with an exposure
• Provide free training for any new updates or changes
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Sharps• all needles
• syringes
• syringe bodies
• scalpels
• lancets
• any glass items, such as slides or Pasteur pipettes, that are contaminated with potentially infectious material and/or human blood.
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PPE
• Personal
Protective
Equipment
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Sterile Technique
• Sterile– Free from all organisms
• Contaminated– Organisms and pathogens are present– Items that touch your clothes or skin or any
area below the waist are considered contaminated
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Sterile Field• Never reach across the top of the field
• Reach in from the sides to add to the field
• Never turn your back to a sterile field
• 2 inches around the border are contaminated
• Anything below the level of the tray is contaminated
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Methods to Remove Sterile Articles from Sterile Wraps
• Drop Method• Mitten Method• Transfer Forceps
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Sterile Field
• Keep Sterile field dry
• Pathogens move quickly through wet surfaces
• Take care when pouring solutions into a sterile field
• When you put on sterile gloves, only handle sterile items
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Standards Precaustions
• Used when contacting all patients
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Transmission-based Isolation• Airborne
• Droplet
• Contact
• Protective
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Communicable Diseases
• A disease caused by a pathogic organism that can be easily transmitted to others
• Spread by – Direct contact with patient– Contact with blood and body fluids– Droplets– Discharge from wounds
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