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Industrial Discharges & Potential Impact on WET Tests
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What is WET? What is WET? Laboratory Test
Living Organisms– Vertebrate– Invertebrate
• Exposure to Effluent
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C. dubia WET Test Set-UpC. dubia WET Test Set-Up
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C. dubia WET Test Randomized BoardC. dubia WET Test Randomized Board
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Counting Neonates and Counting Broods
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Common Causes of WETTest Failures
Ammonia Dissolved Solids Pathogens Construction Contaminated Sampling Equipment Chlorine Nitrite?
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Case 1 - Initial WET Analyses1993 — 1994
Case 1 - Initial WET Analyses1993 — 1994
- 12 Samples Tested- 8 Samples (67%) Exhibited
Lethal Effects
Testing Initiated May 1993 Between May 1993 and December
1994
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Case 1 - InvestigationCase 1 - Investigation
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Case 2 - TreatmentsCase 2 - TreatmentsNo Code Description1 AO Ambient pH (Control)2 Aa Ambient with aeration3 Af Ambient with filtration4 B0 pH 35 Ba pH3 with aeration6 Bf pH3 with filtration7 Bs pH3 with solid phase extraction8 C0 pH 109 Ca pH10 with aeration10 Cf pH10 with filtration11 Cs pH10 with solid phase extraction
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No Code Description12 EO EDTA Control13 E1 EDTA – lowest concentration14 E2 EDTA [ 2 * E1]15 E3 EDTA [2 * E2]16 E4 EDTA [2 * E3]17 TO Sodium Thiosulfate (STS) Control18 T1 STS – lowest concentration19 T2 STS [2 * T1]20 T3 STS [2 * T2]21 T4 STS [2 * T3]
Case 2 - TreatmentsCase 2 - Treatments
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Case 1 - Solid Phase ExtractionCase 1 - Solid Phase Extraction
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Case 1 - Permit Diazinon No treatment possible Permit required
Public Education Program
Testing for Diazinon
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Case 1Influent Diazinon Concentration
Trinity River AuthorityTen Mile Creek Regional Wastewater System
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004Year
% o
f Mea
sure
men
ts >
DL
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Aver
age
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
L)
% greater than Detection Limit
- - - - - Average Concentration
Before PEP After PEP
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Case 1 – WET Limit? In 2005 EPA directed TCEQ to add
WET limit to draft permit. Basis
- Not a precise correlation between Diazinon concentrations and test failures
- Sublethal failures
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Single failure - permit violation.
Two failures - referral to enforcement.
No identified cause.
No identified treatment solution.
Case 1- WET Permit Limit Concerns
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Case 1 – A Closer Look 1
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Case 1 – A Closer Look 2
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Case 1 – A Closer Look 3a
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Case 1 – A Closer Look 3b
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Case 1 – A Closer Look 4
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Case 1 – Case Closed Treatment Plant Upgrades
New WET Test Lab
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Case 2 – WET Limit Avoided3 Suspects Copper
Nickel
Zinc
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Case 2 – Permit Limits
…annual average flow of effluent shall not exceed 2.0 MGD…
Total Copper Total NickelTotal Zinc
0.010 mg/L0.020 mg/L0.060 mg/L
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Case 2 - Test HistoryCase 2 - Test HistoryYear Tests Results Studies2011 8 Tests 4 Failures 3 TIEs
2012 8 Tests 1 Failure Zinc Spiking Study
2013 5 Tests 0 Failures Trinary Metal Spiking Study
2014 5 Tests 0 Failures None
2015 4 Tests 0 Failures None
2016 4 Test 0 Failures None
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Case 2 - The BeginningCase 2 - The Beginning
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Case 2 - TreatmentsCase 2 - TreatmentsNo Code Description1 AO Ambient pH (Control)2 Aa Ambient with aeration3 Af Ambient with filtration4 B0 pH 35 Ba pH3 with aeration6 Bf pH3 with filtration7 Bs pH3 with solid phase extraction8 C0 pH 109 Ca pH10 with aeration10 Cf pH10 with filtration11 Cs pH10 with solid phase extraction
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No Code Description12 EO EDTA Control13 E1 EDTA – lowest concentration14 E2 EDTA [ 2 * E1]15 E3 EDTA [2 * E2]16 E4 EDTA [2 * E3]17 TO Sodium Thiosulfate (STS) Control18 T1 STS – lowest concentration19 T2 STS [2 * T1]20 T3 STS [2 * T2]21 T4 STS [2 * T3]
Case 2 - TreatmentsCase 2 - Treatments
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Lab Water Control Effluent
Case 2 – TreatmentsMarch 2011 SampleCase 2 – TreatmentsMarch 2011 Sample
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Case 2 – TreatmentsMarch 2011 SampleCase 2 – TreatmentsMarch 2011 Sample
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Lab Water Control Effluent
Case 2 – TreatmentsOctober 2011 SampleCase 2 – TreatmentsOctober 2011 Sample
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Case 2 – TreatmentsNovember 2011 Sample
Case 2 – TreatmentsNovember 2011 Sample
Lab Water ControlEffluent
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Lab Water - Nov
Lab Water - Oct
Lab Water - March
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05
1015202530
Aver
age
No. N
eona
tes
Effluent spiked with zinc (ug/L)
Case 2 – Zinc SpikeCase 2 – Zinc Spike
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Case 2 – Trinary Combinationsof Copper, Nickel, and Zinc
Case 2 – Trinary Combinationsof Copper, Nickel, and Zinc
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Case 2 – Copper EffectCase 2 – Copper Effect
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Case 2 – Nickel EffectCase 2 – Nickel Effect
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Case 2 – Zinc EffectCase 2 – Zinc Effect
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Case 2 – Lab ConclusionCase 2 – Lab Conclusion
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Case 2 – What Are the Metal Effluent Concentrations?
Case 2 – What Are the Metal Effluent Concentrations?
TestDate
Max in Compliance Test (% Effluent)
TIE Study(% Effluent)
March 2011 53 100
October 2011 53 100November 2011 53 100
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Case 2 – CopperCase 2 – Copper
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Case 2 – NickelCase 2 – Nickel
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Case 2 – ZincCase 2 – Zinc
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Case 2 – Plant PerformanceCase 2 – Plant Performance
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Case 2 – Permit AmendmentCase 2 – Permit Amendment Presented Results to TCEQ Agreed to Permit Amendment Removal of Metal Limits No WET limits because no more WET
failures
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Case 3 – Disappearing ToxicityCase 3 – Disappearing Toxicity Strong lethal effects in Compliance Test Some retests retain toxicity Some retests lose some or all toxicity Ammonia concentrations high Ammonia typically stable during storage
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Zeolite Removed Toxicity. Ammonia Re-addition duplicated
original results. Sea lettuce removed ammonia and
toxicity. Permit Received Ammonia Limit
Case 3 – Disappearing ToxicityCase 3 – Disappearing Toxicity
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Case 4 - AlkalinityCase 4 - Alkalinity
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Case 5Toxicity TaleBooks 1 - 5
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Case 5 - Book 1Background Lethal failures in 1990s.
Invoked cessation of lethality in 2001 after passing 31 monthly tests.
Report of lethality test failure in November 2001, triggered EPA proposal for WET limit in permit.
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Case 5 – Book1 Non-monotonic dose-response curves.
Control charts indicate organisms more sensitive than normal.
November 2001 test not terminated when controls had 3 broods.
Split samples in January 2002; one laboratory reported a pass.
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Judge rules in favor of permittee.
TCEQ agrees – permit without WET limit.
EPA does not agree.
Case 5 – End of Book 1
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Case 5 – Book 2Investigation of Sublethal Effects
Case 5 – Book 2Investigation of Sublethal Effects
EDTA Sodium Thiosulfate pH adjustment Filtration Aeration Solid Phase Extraction
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Case 5 – Book 2Investigation of Sublethal Effects
Daphnia magna Colloidal Solids CO2 Blanket
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Case 5 – Book 2 Investigation of Sublethal Effects
Source Water
Split Samples
Mock Effluent
Comparison WWTP#1 and #2
40% of Tests show sublethal effect in Mock Effluent and WWTPs.
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Case 5 – Book 2The Cause Identified
Low Hardness (50 – 70 mg/L, as CaCO3)
High Alkalinity (190 – 210 mg/L, as CaCO3)
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Case 5- Book 3 EPA Federalized Permit EPA issued permit with WET limit. Environmental Appeals Board EAB sent permit back to EPA to
reissue. EPA delegated permit back to State.
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Case 5- Book 4 TCEQ issues permit without WET
limit.
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CANCELEDCANCELED
Case 5- Book 5
Client changes Water Supply No more WET test failures
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Case 6 - Toxic Golf BallsCase 6 - Toxic Golf Balls
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Case X
Case Open
Nitrite
Case X
Case Open
Nitrite
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Effluent - March
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Lab Water Control - October
EDTA ControlSTSControl
15
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Effluent - October
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Lab Water Control-November
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Effluent – November