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668
I n de x
ACWL (Advisory Centre on WTO Law), 251
establishment of, 336proposed expansion, 305, 348,
616–17role, 338–40
African countries, WTO, 606–07African Growth and Opportunity Act
(AGOA), 193, 597Agency for International Trade
Information and Cooperation (AITIC), 606, 622
Agenda 21, 107AGOA (African Growth and
Opportunity Act), 193, 597Agreement on development
Facilitation, 313, 323–25adjustment to tariff bindings, 313–16extension of special treatment for
LdCs, 323subsidy treatment, 316–17suspension of anti-dumping
measures, 318–20suspension of TRIMs, 320–21suspension of TRIPs, 321–23
agricultural export bans, 128agriculture, need for new institutional
arrangements, 95Aid for Trade
access and predictability, 365–69, 381–82
deepening involvement of Un in trade governance, 7–8
governance architecture, 357–58, 387–90, 622–23
Advisory Group, 360
analytical framework, 356–57assessment of, 363case for regional facilities, 383–87comparison with alternative
arrangements, 381–83OeCd Working Party, 360–62oversight by Committee on Trade
and development, 358–59rationale underlying, 355–56Reviews, 362surveillance by Trade Policy
Review Mechanism, 359importance, 353–55mutual accountability concerns,
369–72need to make binding, 66negotiations, 498overview, 352proposals to improve, 621–24transparency, 422–27
AITIC (Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation), 606, 622
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), 243, see also PIF (Pacific Islands Forum)
amicus curiae briefs, to WTO, 114, 281–82
Antigua and Barbuda case against US on internet
gambling, 223–24, 236–37, 252, 339
WTO representation, 240AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island
States), 243, see also PIF (Pacific Islands Forum)
Argentina
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macroeconomic policies, 79–81Argentina-Footwear case, 496Australia, RTA with China, 174
balance of payments provisions, as tool for economic adjustment, 94
banking sector regulation, 89self-regulation, environmental
damage, 89–90Basel III accord, 89basic needs development strategy, 50BICs (Brazil, India, China)
economic rise, 600–01growing importance in global
trading system, 138–40increasing prominence in the WTO,
140–42links with global South, 141
BIS (Bank for International Settlements), inability to prevent crises, 89
border carbon adjustments, moratorium, 122
Brazil cotton dispute with US, 337–38economic importance, 138–39history of activism in GATT, 139macroeconomic policies, 81–82,
see also BICs (Brazil, India, China)
Cairns Group, 188, 489–90, 492Cambodia, WTO accession, 558–59,
560capacity-building programmes,
changes to benefit small states, 227–28
capital controls, 88–90carbon leakage, european
Commission decisions, 121–22
Cargill Bank, 82Caribbean Regional negotiating
Machinery (CRnM), 241–43CARIFORUM, 242CBd (Convention on Biological
diversity), disclosure
of genetic resources or traditional knowledge, 125
CeSCR (Committee on economic, Social and Cultural Rights), 284–85
China affect on global income inequality
figures, 30–31, 32and anti-dumping measures,
167economic importance, 138–39economic rise, 600regional trade agreements, 172–75,
176self-designated political position as a
developing country, 165–66tariff reduction level, 157–58WTO
accession package, 154, 554activity, 139alternative benchmark
methodology, 171external concerns over
membership, 153–56future, 175–76
WTO multilateral dispute settlement
as rule-maker, 170–72as rule-shaker, 168–70as rule-taker, 167–68future, 175–76participation, 336
WTO multilateral trade negotiations
‘back-seat’ role, 157as Recently Acceded Member,
157–59effect of position on other issues,
165–67future, 175lack of expertise, 159–62mismatch between China-specific
provisions and normal WTO framework, 162–65
WTO-minus rights, 163WTO-plus obligations, 162,
see also BICs (Brazil, India, China)
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Index670
climate change, nutritional consequences, 108
coalitions BICs involvement, 141, 144–45developing countries at WTO,
513–19as Recently Acceded Member
enhancing effectiveness of, 519–23
future role, 601–03Green Room involvement, 188,
602problems of negotiation, 144–45role in doha development
Round, 187–90, see also collaboration
Codex Alimentarus Commission, 283Codex Trust Fund, 283collaboration
for collective advocacy, 243–45, see also coalitions
to address limited institutional capacity in Sdes, 241–43
COMeSA Fund, 384–86Committee on economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (CeSCR), 284–85
Committee on RTAs (CRTA), 413–14and enabling Clause, 415
Committee on Trade and environment (CTe), 119–21
commodity prices, WTO not addressing, 268–69
common but differentiated responsibilities, 36
cosmopolitics, 111Cotonou Agreement, 234–35Creditor Reporting System (CRS).
see CRS (Creditor Reporting System)
critical mass agreements, 472–74critical mass approach, 632–33
linked with an opt-in procedure, 501–05
literature, 588CRnM (Caribbean Regional
negotiating Machinery), 241–43
CRS (Creditor Reporting System) Aid for Trade, 362transparency concerns, 364–65
CRTA (Committee on RTAs), 413–14and enabling Clause, 415
CTdL (Currency Transaction development Levy), 93
CTe (Committee on Trade and environment), 119–21
Currency Transaction development Levy (CTdL), 93
ddA, see doha development Round (doha development Agenda, ddA)
debt relief need for, 66–67, 87need for overhaul of institutional
architecture governing, 90–92
declaration of the Right to development (dRd), 285
deliberative democracy, 270, 272Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties, 271–76democracy
globalization and, 40–42integral relationship with
development, 270developing countries
economic rise, 599–601income gap to developed countries,
509–10macroeconomic vulnerability to
external shocks, 32–34participation in global economic
governance, 510–11, 598–99share of global trade, 5–6, 508–09WTO (World Trade Organization)
changes to benefit, 610–30coalitions, 513–19
enhancing effectiveness of, 519–23
dispute settlement process challenges facing, 340–45changes to benefit, 616–17implications for trade
governance, 348–50
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participation, 335–38importance, 524–26institutional arrangements for,
302–04participation, 512–13
development as trap, 287–88, see also sustainable
development importance of international trade,
301right in international law, 284–87
development public goods, world trade governance structures as, 55–56, 61–62
development-Facilitation Tariff, 315–16, 615
dFQF (duty-free quota-free market access) decision
LdC involvement, 191limited benefits of, 195–96
diagnostic Trade Integration Study (dTIS), 380–81
dispute Settlement Understanding (dSU), 329–30, 333
djibouti, growing rice in solar-powered greenhouses, 128
doha development Round (doha development Agenda, ddA), 61–62, 110, 137, 142, 461–62, 466
active country groupings, 189and single undertaking, 497–99China’s participation, 157, 164–65coalitions’ involvement, 187–90contested meaning of word
‘development’, 105inclusiveness of, 103LdCs’ involvement, 190–92
domestic market protection, small states, 212
dominica, reliance on exports of one company, 233
dRd (declaration of the Right to development), 285
dSU (dispute Settlement Understanding), 329–30, 333
dTIS (diagnostic Trade Integration Study), 380–81
dual divergence, 27–28dumping, 318duty-free quota-free market access
(dFQF) LdC involvement, 191limited benefits of, 195–96
ecuador macroeconomic policies, 83–84
eIF (enhanced Integrated Framework), 196–97, 251–52
governance arrangements, 378–81enabling Clause, 185, 194, 211, 311
and CRTA reviews, 415enhanced Integrated Framework
(eIF), 196–97, 251–52governance arrangements, 378–81
equator Principles, as environmentally unsound, 90
equity markets, tax to fund global environmental stewardship, 93
esty, daniel, 122european Social Charter, 42
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 109
farm subsidy tax, 127financial deregulation, and trade
liberalization, 78floating exchange rates, privatizing
exchange risk, 78Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), 109foreign exchange reserves
accumulation, effect on developing countries, 33–34
free trade subaltern classes not against, 268–69sustainability and development as
objective instead of, 94FTAA (Free Trade Area of the
Americas), 234–35‘Functioning of the WTO System’
Group, 123–24
G20, 39–40, 62, 140Leaders’ Summits, 582
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Index672
role in global trade governance, 147–48, see also Trade G-20
G33, 62G90, 62G110, 62GAFSP (Global Agriculture and Food
Security Programme) farm subsidy tax, 127
GAL (global administrative law) WTO democracy, 282–83
GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)
UnCTAd contribution to, 58when analysing WTO accessions,
564GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade) Article 18, 308–09Article 20, 323Article 36, 310–11Article 36–38, 311Article 37, 310–11Article 38, 311balance of payments provisions,
94dispute settlement process, 329history, 53–54inclusion of capital controls, 88–89objectives, 552–53
GeF (Global environment Facility) governance arrangements, 372–75
GeG (Global economic Governance Programme)
Global Trade Governance project, 2gender equality, adjustment costs, 294General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT), see GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), see GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)
Germany, competitive advantage from income policies, 77
global administrative law (GAL) WTO democracy, 282–83
Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme (GAFSP)
farm subsidy tax, 127global economic asymmetries, 32–35
and international economic structures, 35–38
Global economic Governance Programme (GeG)
Global Trade Governance project, 2Global environment Facility (GeF)
governance arrangements, 372–75global environmental stewardship,
sources of finance, 93Global Footprint network, 107Global Fund for Food, farm subsidy
tax, 127Global Fund to Fight AIdS,
Tuberculosis and Malaria, governance arrangements, 375–78
Global Partnership for development, 51, 52
global public goods, 26–27Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI), 115,
116Global Trade Alert (GTA), 411global trade governance
challenges for, 38–40, 73–74components and context, 10–13,
593–98dissatisfaction with, 1–2environmental impact, and
macroeconomic policies, 76game changers, 69, 72–73
demographic shifts, 69–70environmental protection, 70natural resources management,
70–71new geography of international
trade, 71–72R&d governance, 71regulatory and standards
complexity, 72linkage to domestic policies, 110overview, 205–06, 636roles and responsibilities, 13–15state of debate on, 5–9support for development
G20 (cont.)
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current debate challenges addressed, 590–92literature, 587–90themes, 585–86
demand for, 579–80policy context, 581–85
Trans-national Corporations (TnCs), 67–69
Un role as a source of proposals and
schemes, 58–59assistance to developing country
negotiators, 60–61norm setting in, 56–57research and analytical role,
57–58way forward
development flexibility agenda, 64
positive developing country agenda, 63
responsive and enabling development agenda, 65–67
globalization democracy and, 40–42unbalanced character of, 25–27
goods of social value, 26government stakeholders, 531Green Room, 187, 512
depriving WTO of democratic legitimacy, 247, 272–73
involvement of coalitions, 188, 602
proposals for change, 476–79small states, 227
Group of 77, 53GSI (Global Subsidies Initiative), 115,
116GTA (Global Trade Alert), 411
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), 91
hermeneutic democracy, 271in WTO, 279–80
responsive and enabling development agenda
amicus curiae briefs, 114, 281–82
role of academic scholarship, 280
HIPC (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries), 91
IAWC (Institute for Assessing WTO Commitments), 348
ICAs (international commodity agreements), 96–97, 596
IF (Integrated Framework). 196–97, 251–52, see also eIF (enhanced Integrated Framework)
ILO (International Labour Organization)
influence over world trade, 206IMF (International Monetary
Fund) governance structures no longer
reflecting global power realities, 140–41
influence over world trade, 206inclusiveness, definitions, 530income distribution, global
inequalities, 27–32India
affect on global income inequality figures, 30–31
approach to WTO negotiations, 266
economic importance, 138–39history of activism in GATT, 139IT industry, 264, see also BICs
(Brazil, India, China)industry stakeholders, 531Institute for Assessing WTO
Commitments (IAWC), 348
institutional subsidiarity, 125–26institutions, importance of, 101–03Integrated Framework (IF), 196–97,
251–52, see also eIF (enhanced Integrated Framework)
intellectual property rights (IPR), see IPR (intellectual property rights)
internal democracy, 270–71
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international commodity agreements (ICAs), 96–97, 596
International debt Court, 92international financial institutions,
need to compensate developing countries for the pro-cyclical impact of financial markets, 36–37
International Labour Organization (ILO)
influence over world trade, 206International Monetary Fund (IMF),
see IMF (International Monetary Fund)
international monetary system, changes to meet sustainability objectives, 87–88
international social goals, global social cohesion funds, 42–44
IPR (intellectual property rights) and technology transfer, 37implications of level playing field, 36
ITA (Ministerial declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products), 497–98
Korea-Dairy case, 496Kraft Linerboard case, 168Kyoto Protocol, stated commitment
to sustainable development, 103–04
labour mobility, 29–30need for inclusion in international
agenda, 37–38not addressed by WTO, 269,
see also unskilled labour mobility
Lamy, Pascal, 348, 394, 584–85Latin America
income distribution, 29macroeconomic policies, 79,
see also Argentina; Brazil; ecuador; Mexico
LdCs (least developed countries) case for an LdC-specific institution,
198–200
doha development Round role, 190–92
global trade governance challenges, 192–94
need to continue building collective knowledge, 200
need to take ownership of integration efforts, 196–98
way forward, 201, 605–06WTO dispute settlement process
participation, 337WTO history, 182, see also Un
Conference on the least developed countries (LdCs)
Least developed countries (LdCs), see LdCs (least developed countries)
level playing field, implications of, 36Like-Minded Group, 187lost decade, 27, 31–32
Malawi, nGO involvement in economic Partnership Agreement negotiations, 537–38
market access expansion, small states, 212
MdG Project Report on Trade for development (2005), 62–63
MdGs (Millennium development Goals), 51–52, 552, 581–82
and trading system reform agenda, 62–63
media, as stakeholders, 532Memorandum of Foreign Trade
Regime (MFTR), 571MenA (Middle east and north
Africa), income distribution, 29
Mercosur, 446merit goods, 26methodology, this book, 4–5Mexico
macroeconomic policies, 84–86MFn (most favoured nation) clause,
473MFTR (Memorandum of Foreign
Trade Regime), 571
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Millennium development Goals (MdGs), 51–52, 552, 581–82
and trading system reform agenda, 62–63
Ministerial Conferences, 248–49Ministerial declaration on Trade in
Information Technology Products (ITA), 497–98
Monterrey Consensus, 38most favoured nation (MFn), 473Multilateral debt Relief Initiative,
91Multilateral Trade Regime, Which Way
Forward? (2007, Warwick Commission), 583
mutual accountability principle, 356–57
in practice, 369–72
nAMA (non-agricultural market access), 292
national deference principle, 279, 295, 617
natural disasters, small states, 208nepal, WTO accession, 560, 562non-agricultural market access
(nAMA), 292
OeCS (Organization of eastern Caribbean States), 250
open regionalism, 39, 40, 598Organization of eastern Caribbean
States (OeCS), 250OSMs (old social movements), WTO
negotiations, 278–79
PACeR Plus (Pacific Agreement on Closer economic Relations), 224
Pacific Agreement on Closer economic Relations (PACeR Plus), 224
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), 250Pakistan, RTA with China, 174Panitchpakdi, Supachai, 583Paris Club, 92Paris declaration on Aid effectiveness,
356
PGe (Permanent Group of experts), 116, 615
PIF (Pacific Islands Forum), 250Plano Real, 81policy competition, 39policy space, 38Punta del este declaration, 490, 491
quid pro quos, in trade agreements, 124–25
regional institutions, need for, 40Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs),
see RTAs (Regional Trade Agreements)
remoteness, small states, 209reserve currency, case for
supranational alternative to US dollar, 88
reverse special and differential treatment, 236
RTAs (Regional Trade Agreements) LdCs assistance for negotiating, 196small states, 224–25transparency concerns, 412,
see also Transparency Mechanism for RTAs
RTd (right to development), basis in international law, 284–87
Ruggiero, Renato, 324
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures
transparency, 417–22Saudi Arabia, WTO, accession
package, 558SCM (Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures) Agreement, 115–16, 317
scope, this book, 10Sdes (small developing economies)
collective advocacy, 243–45definitions, 238importance of international trade,
231, 233importance to multilateral trading
system, 238–39institutional capacity, 241–43
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overview, 252–53participation, 604–07unique interests, 234–35vulnerability to external
developments, 233–34WTO
barriers to participation in, 239–40
enhancing negotiating leverage, 236
for protection of rights, 236–38importance of participation in,
231–32, 235proposed changes, 245–46, 605
countervailing measures, 252decision-making, 246–49financial support for Sde
representation, 249–50increased technical work on
Sde issues, 249technical assistance, 251
representation, 240–41SdT (special and differential
treatment), 95, 194–96, 311–12
changes to benefit developing countries, 613–14
for small developing economies (Sdes), 234
limits of reform, 291–92modulated rules, 116–19problems with transition periods,
290–91proposed permanent SdT, 313
SIdS (Small Island developing States), 207, see also AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States); PIF (Pacific Islands Forum)
Singapore issues, 470single undertaking, 273, 274, 276,
469–70, 486–87and dispute Settlement, 495–97and doha negotiations, 497–99history, 487–89
conduct of negotiations, 491–92establishment of the World Trade
Organization, 493–95
launching of the Uruguay Round, 489–91
since 1994, 495literature, 588proposed changes, 499–500
abandoning idea of all encompassing rounds, 500–01
critical mass approach linked with an opt-in procedure, 501–05
recognition that Members are bound by existing rules, 501, see also variable geometry
small and vulnerable economies (SVes), see SVes (small and vulnerable economies)
Small and Vulnerable economies Work Programme, 244
small claims procedure, WTO, dispute settlement process, 347, 617
small developing economies (Sdes), see Sdes (small developing economies)
Small Island developing States (SIdS), 207, see also AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States); PIF (Pacific Islands Forum)
small states definitions, 207difference in trade interests from
other developing countries, 211–13
diplomacy and advocacy, 219–21features, 208–11functioning in global trade
governance, 213–19litigation, 222–24negotiation, 221–22overview, 204–05, 229proposals for change, 225–26
capacity-building, 227–28decision-making structures,
226–27establishment of clear criteria for
membership for SVe group, 228
Sdes (cont.)
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strengthening of ability to negotiate, 228
Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), 224–25, see also AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States); SIdS (Small Island developing States); SVes (small and vulnerable economies)
South–South learning initiatives, 560soybean production
Argentina, 80Brazil, 82
special and differential treatment (SdT), see SdT (special and differential treatment)
SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) Measures
transparency, 417–22Sri Lanka, non-participation as
Agriculture SVe member, 245
stakeholders, categorizations for trade governance, 531–32
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), 115–16, 317
‘subsidy watch’ subcommittee, 115–16sustainable development
accepted connection with trade governance, 100–01
challenges in achieving, 107–11global trade governance
implications, 86–87history in global policy-making,
103–07leveraging non WTO arenas,
126–28need for sustaining processing/
product distinction, 288–89requiring behavioural change of
individual governments, 111–12
Sutherland Report, 474, 475–76Sutherland, Peter, 583SVes (small and vulnerable
economies), 207agenda and small states, 212–13definitions, 245
need to clarify membership criteria to benefit small states, 228
participation, 605, see also Small and Vulnerable economies Work Programme
TCC (transnational capitalist class) influence on WTO rules, 261–62,
263–67TdAR (Trade-Related development
Assistance Report), 306, 307, 623–24
technical progress, concentration in developed countries, 34
technical transfer, need for global trade system to facilitate, 37
TnCs (Trans-national Corporations) and global trade governance, 67–69
Tokyo Round developing countries’ involvement,
185TPRM (Trade Policy Review
Mechanism) history, 397–98information gaps remaining, 407–12low peer pressure, 401–03maintenance of status quo, 405–07participation dependent on
institutionalized domestic monitoring, 403–05
proposals for change, 618–20proposed inclusion of
environmental and developmental factors, 113–14
reports missing salient information, 400
surveillance of Aid for Trade, 359weakness of mandate, 398–99
Trade G20, 144trade governance
inclusiveness need for, 529–30recommendations for, 546–49
stakeholder categorizations, 531–32
stakeholder participation at national level, 532–38
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stakeholder participation at WTO, 540–46, see also global trade governance
trade justice, 58–59trade liberalization
and macroeconomic policies, 77–78
protectionist measures since 2008, 142–43
trade negotiation processes, proposals to improve, 630–34
trade openness, small states, 208–09Trade Policy Review Mechanism
(TPRM), see TPRM (Trade Policy Review Mechanism)
Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), see TRIMs (Trade Related Investment Measures)
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), see TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)
Trade-Related development Assistance Report (TdAR), 306, 307, 623–24
transnational capitalist class (TCC) influence on WTO rules, 261–62,
263–67Trans-national Corporations (TnCs)
and global trade governance, 67–69
Transparency Mechanism for RTAs history, 414overview, 412reasons for developing, 413–14
TRIMs (Trade Related Investment Measures)
proposed suspension under Agreement on development Facilitation, 320–21
revisions required, 96UnCTAd contribution to, 58
TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)
CTe mandate on, 120
disclosure of genetic resources or traditional knowledge, 125–26
lack of consideration of competing human rights, 286
length of transition period for LdCs, 195
proposed suspension under Agreement on development Facilitation, 321–23
supporting voices in the poor world, 264
UnCTAd contribution to, 58
Un (United nations) calls for greater deference to, 594Charter, 48development Agenda, 26–27
and world trade governance, 52–54
history, 49–52intellectual case for a
development-oriented trading system, 54–56
Marrakesh declaration, 48Millennium declaration, 25,
50–51world trade governance,
see also MdGs (Millennium development Goals)
as a source of proposals and schemes, 58–59
assistance to developing country negotiators, 60–61
norm setting in, 56–57research and analytical role,
57–58Un Conference on the least developed
countries (LdCs), 50Un Global Compact, 67UnCed (United nations Conference
on environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 earth Summit), 35, see also Agenda 21
UnCTAd (United nations Conference on Trade and development), 35, 53–54
trade governance (cont.)
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contributions to world trade governance, 58–59
influence over world trade, 206role in world trade governance,
56–57UnFCCC (United nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change), differing meanings of sustainable development, 105
United nations (Un), see Un (United nations)
un-organized stakeholders, 532unskilled labour mobility, 34–35
need for inclusion in international agenda, 37–38
Uruguay Round, 110, 329–30conduct of negotiations, 491–92developing countries’ involvement,
186establishment of the World Trade
Organization, 493–95launching of, 489–91
US-Lamb case, 496US-Steel Safeguards case, 496
Vanuatu, WTO accession, 557, 558variable geometry, 471, 588, 632VdPA (Vienna declaration and
Program Action 1993), 285–86
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 632
deliberative democracy in WTO, 271–76
Vienna declaration (1993), 270Vienna declaration and Program
Action 1993 (VdPA), 285–86Vulnerability Fund for Africa, 607
Warwick Commission report, 584WIPO (World Intellectual Property
Organization) disclosure of genetic resources
or traditional knowledge, 125–26
Wolfsberg Group, 89–90World Bank
governance structures no longer reflecting global power realities, 140–41
influence over world trade, 206World Conference on Women (1995
Beijing), 50World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) disclosure of genetic resources
or traditional knowledge, 125–26
World Summit for Social development (1995 Copenhagen), 50
World Trade Organization (WTO), see WTO (World Trade Organization)
WPTC (OeCd Working Party of the Trade Committee on Aid for Trade), 360–62
WTO (World Trade Organization) accession
China, 154, 554as development issue, 553deals
use of China as benchmark, 562commitments on market access,
562–64commitments on rules, 564–66implications for WTO
uniformity and transparency, 567–68
recognition of benefits, 561tariff reductions, 563–64variety in, 561
increasing complexity and length, 556–58
need to increase flexibility and assistance to developing countries, 559–61
problems, 552–55process
adoption process, 572–73challenges for candidate
countries, 558–59establishment of the Working
Party, 571examination of the trade
regime, 571
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Index680
fact-finding, 571guidelines from Marrakesh
Agreement, 570historical success, 555–56negotiation phase, 571–72
proposals for change, 634accountability, 447Advisory Council proposal, 248African countries, 606–07assessment and evaluation, 626–27BICs (Brazil, India, China)
challenges and problems presented by, 142–46
increasing prominence, 140–42Business and Labour Council, 549,
625Committee on Trade and
development (CTd), 302–03
case for elevation to Council, 304–05, 628
oversight of Aid for Trade initiative, 358–59
commodity prices, 268–69constituencies, 447–48Council for Trade and development
case for, 304–05, 628establishing and supervising
WTO committees, 307–08implementation of development
policies and assistance, 306–07
regulatory monitoring, 307role, 305–06
CSO (Civil Society Organizations) Council, 549, 625
decision-making changes to benefit small
developing economies (Sdes), 246–49
changes to benefit small states, 226–27
changes to promote fairness, 475, 481–82
Code of Conduct for Chairs, 479–81
complexity, 269
consensus principle, 464–66, 475–76
critical mass agreements, 472–74involvement of developing
countries, 184–87non-State stakeholders, 540–46,
624–25plurilateral agreements, 471–72problems with, 461–64processes, 182–84single undertaking, see single
undertakingsmall group negotiations,
476–79variable geometry, 471, 588, 632voting, 467–69
democracy global administrative law (GAL)
development, 282–83hermeneutic democracy,
279–80amicus curiae briefs, 114,
281–82role of academic scholarship,
280low intensity democracies,
278–79national parliaments’
involvement, 277–78principles informing debate over,
266–70proposals, 295Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties, 271–76developing countries
changes to benefit, 610–30coalitions, 513–19
enhancing effectiveness of, 519–23
dispute settlement process challenges facing, 340–45changes to benefit, 616–17implications for trade
governance, 348–50participation, 335–38, 512–13
importance, 524–26institutional arrangements for,
302–04
WTO (cont.)
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00782-6 - Making Global Trade Governance Work for Development: Perspectivesand Priorities from Developing CountriesEdited by Carolyn Deere BirkbeckIndexMore information
Index 681
development commitment to, 103–04, 302proposals, 295–96way forward to promote, 292–94
dispute settlement process adoption of open panel
proceedings, 114complexity, 341developing countries
challenges facing, 340–45changes to benefit, 616–17participation, 335–38
evolution since inception, 334–35fear of retaliation, 345regarding implementation of
accession commitments, 568infrequent use of alternative
mechanisms, 343–44lack of public–private
partnerships, 343least developed countries
participation, 337overview, 324, 329–34proposals for change, 345–48remedies available, 342–43,
346–47resource limitations, 341–42and single undertaking, 495–97small claims procedure,
347, 617small states, 222–24
dissatisfaction with, 261–62efficiency, 145–46
reforms to improve, 148–50empowerment, 446–47establishment, 493–95executive board proposal, 149,
247–48history, 7impact analysis of trade measures,
410inclusiveness, recommendations for,
547–49institutional structure, proposals for
change, 628–30labour mobility, 269least developed countries (LdCs),
182
Ministerial Conferences, 540–41, 543–44
monitoring function proposals, 618–21
need for holistic approach, 267–68negotiations governance, 18–20,
630–34Observers, 542Ombudsperson, 442–44, 452–53,
626functions, 448–52
overview, 206, 301–02Permanent Missions, 541–42policy change notification
requirements, 407priorities for reform, 15–18procedural rules, complexity of,
160–61reflecting global balance of power,
140–41research and statistics function,
627–28responsiveness, 137–38Secretariat, 7, 199, 222, 303, 398,
410–15, 421, 431, 481proposals for, 408, 416, 428, 589,
627–28, 629–30small developing economies
(Sdes) changes to assist participation,
245–46, 605decision-making, 246–49financial support for Sde
representation, 249–50increased technical work on
Sde issues, 249representation, 240–41
small states involvement, 218–19diplomacy and advocacy, 219–21litigation, 222–24negotiation, 221–22
stakeholder participation, see trade governance, stakeholder participation at WTO
standing body to review functioning of WTO system, 123
Sub-Committee on Least developed Countries, 303
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00782-6 - Making Global Trade Governance Work for Development: Perspectivesand Priorities from Developing CountriesEdited by Carolyn Deere BirkbeckIndexMore information
Index682
Sub-Committee on Trade and Climate Change, 121–22
substantive rules, complexity of, 160sustainable development, stated
commitment to, 103–04transnational capitalist class (TCC),
261–62, 263–67transparency, 394–95
Aid for Trade, 422–27importance of, 395information systems, 395–96proposals to improve, 427–30
quality of information, 430–31sources of information, 431–32timing of information, 430uses of information, 432
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures, 417–22
website, 444–46, see also TPRM (Trade Policy Review Mechanism)
voting rules reforms, 149–50website, see ACWL (Advisory Centre
on WTO Law); doha development Round (doha development Agenda, ddA); Tokyo Round; Uruguay Round
WTO Appellate Body, citing commitment to sustainable development in key rulings, 104
WTO-minus obligations, 565–66
WTO-plus obligations, 565–66China, 162implications for WTO uniformity
and transparency, 567–68
Yasuní project, 84
Zambia, nGO role in Sugar Protocol negotiations, 538
WTO (cont.)