– 231 –
INDEX
Abbasids, 29, 42, 48
Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 76, 77, 81
Abdullah Khan, 47, 64
absolute monarchies, 72, 86
Abu Shaikh, 51
Abyssinians, 60
accommodation, for EIC Indian troops,
95–6
Achaemenid Empire, 12, 16, 17
acharyas (Brahmin teachers), 3, 33, 34–5
active reserve, 103
Adamson, Lorne, 51
Aden, 113, 114
Afghan Wars
Second, 101, 154
Th ird, 111
Afghanistan, British confl ict with Russia in,
103, 107
Afghans
allegiance of chieft ains, 53, 55, 69
jihadis, 135
in PIF, 95
subdued by Akbar, 45
African soldiers
French recruitment of, 111
proposal to bring to India, 99
Agni Purana, 19
agrarian crisis, 46, 64–5, 66, 73
ahadis, 65
Ahirs, 108
Ahmad Shah, 6
Ahmadnagar Sultanate, 60–1
Aibak, Qutub-ud-din, 42, 46, 48
Ain-i-Akbari, 60, 61, 65, 146
Ajatasatru, 11, 12
Ajit Singh, 87
Akali Dal, 134, 135
Akbar, Emperor, 5, 45, 46, 54, 55, 56, 58, 61,
63, 64, 65, 69, 146
Al-Qaeda, 139
Ala-ud-din Khalji, Sultan, 47, 49–50, 62
Alavi, Seema, 2
alcohol abuse, 94, 102
Alexander the Great, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18
Ali, M. Athar, 51
Ali Quli Khan, Ustad, 58, 59
Aligarh School, 51
Alipur Regiment, 18th, 101
All India Training Scheme, 159
Allard, Jean-François, 83, 84, 86
Ambar, Malik, 60, 61
Amery, Leo, 114
Amritsar, 82, 135
Anandpala (Sahi ruler), 40
Anderson, Mr (British Resident), 78
Andhras, 18
Anglo-Maratha War
First, 77, 87–8
Second, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 148, 149
Th ird, 81, 88
Anglo-Nepal War (1914–15), 104
Anik, 30
animals, care of, 144–5, 146–7, 148, 149
anti-Chola league, 32
Antigonus, 14, 15
Antiochus I, 15
Antipater, 15
Antoine, 83
Anup Singh, 56
Anuradhapura, 32
Anzen, Battle of, 42
apothecaries, 152
Copyright
232 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
Arabs
invasions, 29
of Sind, 29, 33
archers, mounted, 4
Byzantine Army, 42, 43
Gupta Army, 22, 43
Mongol, 52
Mughal Army, 53
Tang Army, 29
Turkish, 5, 38, 39, 42, 43
archers, Rajput infantry, 38, 43
Argaum, Battle of, 80–1
Argos, 13
Armenians, 42
armour and uniform
early modern Europe, 72
Gupta Army, 24
Gurkhas, 104
Indian soldiers in World War I, 109
Khalsa Army, 84–5
Maurya Army, 144
medieval European knights, 39
regimental, 93
Vedic Age, 10
armourers/armament industry, 144, 145,
158, 161, 162
Army in India, 91
in 1879, 101
in 1890s, 105
in 1914, 108
in 1919, 111
in 1922, 112
in 1939, 113
desertions, 117
on eve of 1857 Mutiny, 96–7
non-combatants, 143, 152–3, 156, 157
Army Remount Department, 95
Army Service Corps School of India, 160
Army Supply Corps (ASC), 160–1
arquebuses, 65, 71
Arrian, 14, 18
arrows
Indus Civilization, 9
Vedic Age, 10–11
Arthasastra (Kautilya), 3, 7, 14, 19, 38, 144
artillery
Bengal Army, 98
Bombay Army, 98
EIC, 79, 88, 92
Indian Army, 101
Indian soldiers in, 100, 110, 111
Khalsa Army, 83, 85, 88
Madras Army, 98
Maratha Army, 79
Mughal Army, 59, 60, 65
Artisan Training Scheme, 159
Aryans, 9, 10
Asaf Khan, 146
ashramas, 33
Askan, Virginia, 52
Asoka, 15–16
Assam, 136, 157
Assam Rifl es, 136
Assaye, Battle of, 80, 81
Assyrians, 23
atavibala, 19
Atkinson, Major F. D., 151
Aurangzeb, Emperor, 46, 66, 69
Australian Army, 107, 108, 111, 117
Austro-Hungarian Army, 94
Avitabile, Paolo di, 83, 84, 86
Ayiram, 34
Ayubid Sultanate, 50
Azad Kashmir Force, 122
Aziz Sistani, Ustad, 59
Babbar Khalsa, 135
Babur, Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, Emperor,
3, 5, 45, 50, 51–2, 53, 55, 58, 62–3,
68, 69
Baburnama, 5
Babylonia, 15
Bactrian Greeks, 18, 20
Badami (Karnataka), 27, 31
Badauni, Abdul Kadir, 55–6
baggage waggons, 143
Bahadur, Shamsher, 76
Bahadur Shah I, Emperor, 66
Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujerat, 53, 59
Bahul, Sultan, 62
bairagis, 67
Bairam Khan, 55
Baird, Major David, 99
Baiswara Rajputs, 59–60
Baji Rao, Peshwa, 75
Bak-Bak, Malik, 48
Copyright
Index 233
baladhrikata, 28
Balaji Baji Rao, Peshwa, 76
Balban, Ghiyas-ud-din, Sultan, 47, 48, 50,
145
Baldev Singh Committee, 161
ballads, rajput heroic, 37, 145
Ballala II, 145
Baluchistan, 139–40
Baluchistan Liberation Army (BLA), 139
Baluchistan Liberation Front, 139
Balwant Rao Mehendale, 75, 76
Banda Bahadur, 81
Bangladesh, 2, 125
Bangladesh Army, 125, 132
Bangladesh Navy, 125
banias, 157, 161
banjaras, 7, 8, 145–6, 148, 162
Bapu, Sakharam, 76
Baqi Shaghawal, 63
bards, 144, 145
Barkhurdar Khan, 77
Barnard, Major-General Henry, 97
Barni, Zia-ud-din, 48
Barua, Pradeep P., 1
Basowan, Shaikh, 84
battle formations see ORBATs
battles, centrality of, 143
bayonets, 71
bedlars, 7
begari, 7, 8, 50, 147
Bengal, 29
Bengal Army, 2, 84, 91, 94–5, 96, 97, 98,
105, 150, 153–4
change in post-Mutiny composition of,
99
Bengal Artillery, 83, 94
Bengal Cavalry, 154
Bengali Muslims, 124, 139
beparis, 8
Bhangi (chief ), 146
Bharatpur, Siege of, 148
Bhau, Sadashiv Rao, 76
bhiksukis, 144
Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh, 134–5
bhistis (water carriers), 147, 148, 152, 154,
155
Bhonsle clan, 74, 75
bhrata balas, 36
bhrtakas (hired men), 19
Bhutan, 136
Bijapur Sultanate, 60
Bijoy Dev, Raja of Jammu, 41
Bimbisara, 11
Bindusara, 15
Black, Jeremy, 72
Black Sea Tigers, 137
body guards, 34
Boer War (1899–1902), 106
Bolshevik Army, 112–13
Bombay Army, 91–2, 95, 97, 153–4
composition of Marine Battalion 1858,
98–9
post-Mutiny, 100
Bombay Garrison, 91
Bombay Infantry, 101
Bombay Marine Battalion, 98–9
Bombay Presidency, 103, 104, 115
booty see plunder
Bouillon, duc de, 57
bows, composite, 22–3
Boyd (European military entrepreneur), 79
Brahmanabad, Siege of, 29
Brahmins
holding of higher commands by, 34
Indian Army closes ranks to, 112
in Khalsa Army, 84
in Mauryan Army, 19
as mercenaries, 54
status of military service among, 10
support for Rajputs, 37
Branch Recruiting Offi ces (BROs), 131
brihadasvarara, 28
Brihadratha, Emperor, 19
British Army, 91
in 1901, 106–7
Boer War, 106
composition in 18th-and 19th-century,
93–4
post World War II, 117–18
recruitment from lower echelons of
society, 93–4
short service scheme, 102
British Indian Empire, recruitment of Indian
troops, 91, 99–100
Bronze Age, 9
brotherhoods, 37
Copyright
234 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
Brown, Lieutenant-Colonel, 96
Brown, Major (British Resident), 78
Bucher, General Roy, 122
Buddhism, in Sind, 29
Bugti, Nawab Akbar Khan, 139
bullocks, 146
Bundelas, 6
Burma
policing, 104, 105
World War II, 113, 117, 157
see also Myanmar
Burma Evacuee Labour Camp, 158
Bussy, Charles Joseph Patisser, Marquis de,
76, 77
‘butcher and bolt’ expeditions, 152
Byzantine Army, 42–3
C3 (Command, Control and Communica-
tions), failure of indigenous powers lies
in, 90
Caesar, Julius, 17–18
Cambridge, Prince George, Duke of,
99–100, 105
camels, 29, 39, 43, 76, 147, 149, 154
camp followers, 154–6
campoos, 78, 87, 89
camps, military, 144
Candler, Edmund, 111–12
Cannae, Battle of, 13
caracole tactics, 81–2
Cardwell, Edward, 102, 103
cartridges, prepackaged, 71
caste system, 1, 163
and 1857 Mutiny, 100
and Bombay Army, 98–9
and EIC armies, 95
and Mauryan Army, 19
and Mughal Army, 66, 68
and non-combatants, 8, 148, 162
and private armies, 7
problems of taboos, 96
and recruitment to Indian Army, 114
and regimental composition, 101
rise in Vedic Age, 10
casualties
1857 Mutiny, 98
battle, 2
Golden Temple of Amritsar, 135
India–Pakistan Wars, 125
in Nepal, 140
in Sri Lanka, 138
World War I, 110–11
World War II, 117
catapults, 11
catu-bhata, 28
cavalry
Abbasid, 29
Bengal Army, 95, 98, 154
Bombay Army, 98
British Army, 96
Delhi Sultanate, 28, 46, 47, 50, 53
Ghaznavid, 40, 41
Ghori Army, 41, 42
Gupta Army, 22, 23, 24, 38
Gurjara-Pratiharas, 29
Harsha’s army, 28
Hemu’s army, 54, 55
Hoysala Army, 33
Hun, 24
Indian Army, 96, 101, 105, 111
irregular (siladari), 95, 96, 109
Khalsa Army, 83, 85
Madras Army, 95, 98
Maratha, 74, 75, 76–7, 80, 81, 82
marginalization of, 6
Maurya Army, 18
medieval Western European, 33
Mughal Army, 54, 55, 61, 65, 81
non-combatants with, 148, 150
Ottoman, 54
prestige of, 93
Rajput, 4, 5, 38, 40, 42, 43
Rajput-Afghan, 53
riding masters, 148
Seunas, 33
Sher Shah’s, 54, 62
Sikh, 81, 82
Ceylon, 158
see also Sri Lanka
Chagatai Turks, 45
Chaldiran, Battle of, 58
Chalukya Dynasty, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35
Champa, 12
Chand, Bihari, 59
Chandawar, Battle of, 42
Chandellas/Chandella Army, 40–1
Copyright
Index 235
Chandragupta I, 20
Chandragupta II, 21, 22, 23
Chandragupta Maurya, 14–15, 19, 144
Changiz Khan, 60
Chao Kingdom, 24
chariots, 4, 9, 10, 24
manufacture of, 143
Mauryan Army, 18
Paurava’s, 12
scythe, 11, 143
Charles XI, King of Sweden, 92
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 92
Charles Martel, 32
Chatfi eld, Lord, 113
chaturvarga, 10
Chauhan clan, 37, 41
Chausa, Battle of, 54
chelas, 67
Chera Army, 34
Chera Navy, 32
Cheras, 32
Chi, 13
Childers, Hugh, 103
children
enlistment of, 137, 138, 140–1
with regiments, 153
Chillianwala, Battle of, 149
China
armed forces, 127
demograhic resources, 17, 28, 127
nomadic invasions, 24
supply of arms to Pakistan, 127
see also PLA
China–India War (1962), 123–4
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 127
Chingiz Khan, 52
Chingizid princes, 52
chivalry, Rajput, 4, 36, 37–8
Chola Army, 32–3, 35
Chola Dynasty, 32–5
Chola Navy, 32, 33
Christian IV, King of Denmark, 57
Christians, Indian, 100
Chu Army, 12
Chunar, Siege of, 59
class battalions, 84
class company battalions, 84
class company regiments, 101
class regiments, 100–1
Clauswitz, Carl von, 143
clerks, 154
Clive, Lord Robert, 94–5
Clothing Directorate, 160
clothing, manufacture of, 159–60
clubs, regimental, 102
COIN
1947–2012, 133–41
Delhi Sultanate, 46
College of Defence Management (CDM),
125
colours, regimental, 92–3
Combined Defence Services Examination
(CDSE), 130
command systems, 90
common soldiers, in pre-British era, 3, 4
communications, 90, 146
Compagnies des Indies, 6
companions of honour, 34
conscription, 54
in China, 10
for insurgent armies, 136–7, 140, 163
not practised in India, 68, 163, 164
in Sri Lanka, 138
in Western Europe, 102, 164
Constantinople, 112
cooks, 143, 145
coolies, 152–3, 154, 158
corporal punishment, Wellington’s belief
in, 94
counter-insurgency campaigns see COIN
Court, Colonel (later General) Claude-
Auguste, 83, 85, 86
Court of Directors, 92
CPI, 136
criminals, recruitment of, 19, 94
crossbows, 65, 71
Curzon, Lord George, 132
Cynoscephalae, 13
Cyrus I, 12
Dahir, King, 29
Dailamis/Dailamites, 39
Dara Shikoh, Prince, 57
Dardanelles, 110
Darius I, 12
Darius III, 12
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236 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
‘Dark Age’, 27
Das, Bhagwan, 146
Datta, Rajat, 68
Daulat Rao Sindia, 78, 79, 80, 83
De Boigne, Benoit, 77–8, 79
de-urbanization, 31
Deccan, 2, 16–17, 29, 31
Mughal power in, 45
sultanates, 60
decentralization, 32
decolonization, inevitability of, 118
defeated soldiers
inclusion in army, 19
made to wear female clothes, 34
defence public sector undertakings
(DPSUs), 161
Defence Services Command and Staff Col-
lege (Dacca), 125
Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), 122
Deimachus, 15
Delhi, Siege of, 97–8
Delhi Field Force (DFF), 97–8
Delhi garrison, 96, 98
Delhi Sultanate, 5, 28, 30, 46–7, 63
army of, 47–50, 59, 61–2, 68–9
Babur attacks, 52
break up of, 45, 50
Deloche, Jean, 38
Demetrius, 20
demobilization, 118
demonetization, 4, 31
Deng Xiaoping, 127
Deo, Bithal, 76
Deo, Chachar, 46
Deo, Rai Hamir, 47
dervishes, 67
deserters
European in Indian princely armies, 83
from French Army, 94
from Russian Army, 110
India–Pakistan Wars, 124
Indian in World War II, 117
labourers in World War II, 158
rarity of regimental, 93
Sikhs from Indian Army, 129
Devahuti, D., 28
Devapala, 29
devshirme (collection) system, 49
Dhana Nanda, 13–14
Dharmapala, 29
dharmayuddha concept, 5, 28, 41, 68
Dhian Singh, 87
dhobis, 8, 145
Diadochi, War of, 14, 15
Digby, Simon, 67
Dikshitar, V. R. R., 17
Diodorus, 14, 18, 19
discharged troops, danger of, 94
discipline and punishment
EIC armies, 69, 96
Khalsa Army, 85
Mughal Army, 57
of sepoys and sowars, 93
Wellington’s views on, 94
of World War II Indian troops, 117
discrimination, 110
doctors, 152
Dogras, 108, 114
Doran, Captain J., 151
dressers, 149
drill, 72
of irregular regiments, 93
drummers, 92, 100, 143, 144, 148, 154, 157
Dubignon (French offi cer), 83
Dudrenec, 79
Dupleix, Joseph, Marquis de, 76
dustoor, 107
East India Company (EIC), 2, 6
expansion of, 73
fi nancial resources of, 8
French attempts to counterbalance, 77
inevitable victory against indigenous
powers, 90
and Khalsa Kingdom, 83, 87–8, 89
and Maratha Confederacy, 77, 79, 80–1,
89
and non-combatants, 148, 149, 161
private European units, 91
Rajputs serve in, 60
and regimental system, 6, 69, 91–9
rise and fall of, 91–9
size of armies, 95
troops on eve of 1857 Mutiny, 97
Western-style warfare, 89
Copyright
Index 237
see also Bengal Army; Bombay Army;
Madras Army; Punjab Frontier Force
East Pakistan, 124–5
see also Bangladesh
ECIOs see Emergency Commissioned
Indian Offi cers
education
Pakistan Army as agency of, 125–6
of soldiers, 102
Egypt, 112, 113, 117
EIC see East India Company
elephants
care of, 145, 146
Chola Army, 35
Delhi Sultanate, 30, 50, 53
Ghaznavid Army, 41
Gupta Army, 22
Harsha’s army, 28
importance of, 4
Maurya Army, 18, 19–20, 145
Palas, 30
Rajput, 38, 40, 42, 43
Rashtrakutas, 30
and road construction, 145
Sassanids, 23
use in warfare, 12, 13, 14, 15, 29
Embolima, 14
Emergency Commissioned Indian Offi cers
(ECIOs), 116
entrepreneurs, military, 57, 71–90
espionage system, Mughal, 146
esprit de corps, 92, 100
ethnic groups, mixing of, 100, 101, 107
Eudemus, 14
Eumenes, 14
Eurasians
in Maratha armies, 79
as non-combatants, 148
post-Mutiny recruitment of, 100
European military entrepreneurs, 69, 71–90
Euthedemos, 20
factories, 158–60, 161, 162
family ties, and recruitment, 93
famines, 65, 153
farriers, 147, 148
Farrokh, Kaveh, 17
Farrukh Siyar, Emperor, 66
Fateh Khan, 82
Fath Khan Sherwani, 53
Fauj-i-Ain, 84
Fazl, Abul, 52, 53, 61, 63, 67, 147
Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA),
138–9
Feristha, 41–2
Ferozshah, Battle of, 87, 88
feudal warfare, 27–43
feudalism, 4, 27, 31, 32
fi eldcraft , medieval, 30
Filoze (European military entrepreneur), 79
Firuz Khan, 53
Firuz Shah Tughluq, 48, 50
fl intlocks, 71
food
and caste taboos, 96
for EIC Indian troops, 95, 96
in Indian Army, 101, 127–8
logistics of providing, 143
for non-combatants, 151
foot stirrups, 38
forced labour, 7, 145
Ford, Colonel, 86
forest kingdoms, 22
formations, battle see ORBATs
Foulkes, Lieutenant-Colonel, 86
France
armies raised by, 5–6
emergence of regiments in, 92
standing army, 86
struggle against British in south India, 77
World War I, 109
Franco-Prussian War, 102
Frankish Army, 32
French Army
African recruits, 111
Franco-Prussian War, 102
late 18th-century, 94, 95
terms of service, 102
under Louis XIV, 146
French East India Company, 76, 77
Frontier Constabulary, 139
Frontier Corps, 139
Frontier Force Regiment, 128
Fuller, Major-General J. F. C., 13
furusiya exercise, 58
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238 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
Gabienne, Battle of, 14
Gaikwad, Appaji, 76, 80
Ganda Singh, 82
Gandaris (Sophytes), 12, 15
Gandhara, 16
Gandhi, Indira, 134
Gandhi, M. K., 1, 116
Gandhi, Sanjay, 134
Ganga (Kalinga) armies, 34
Ganga River Valley, 11
Gardi, Ibrahim Khan, 76
Garhwalis, 104, 109, 112
garrison duty, boredom of, 94
garrison reserve, 103
gazis, 68
Gergovia, Siege of, 18
German Army, 102
Ghaznavids/Ghaznavid Army, 38, 39, 40,
43, 143
Ghazni, 40
Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmud, Sultan, 62
Ghorids/Ghorid Army, 38, 39, 41, 43, 143
Ghorpares family, 74
ghulams, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54
Ghuzak, Battle of, 40
Girivraja, 11
Goddard, Colonel, 151
Gohad, Rana of, 78, 79
Golden Temple, Amritsar, 135
golundazs (gunners), 91
Gommans, Jos J. L., 51
Gordon, Stewart, 74
Goths, 42
Govind, Gopalrao, 75–6
Govind Rai, 41, 42
Govind Singh, Guru, 81
gramanis, 10
gramikas, 11
Greeks, 12–15, 18, 19, 20
Grewal, J. S., 56
Grey, Jeff rey, 93
Group of Forty, 47
group loyalty, 92
guerrilla campaigns, 133, 140, 146
Guhilas, 36
Gujarat, Mughal conquest of, 53
gunpowder technology, 58, 59, 69, 85
guns
EIC, 79
European entrepreneurs’, 6
evolution of, 71
fi eld guns, 150
Khalsa Army, 85, 88
manufacture of, 158
Maratha, 79
Mughal, 53, 58, 65
Nadir Shah’s, 6
Ottoman, 5
Gupta Army, 21–4
Gupta Empire, 4, 20–5, 38, 165
Gurdwara, 135
Gurjara-Pratiharas, 29, 33, 36
Gurkha Kingdom, 104
Gurkhas, 6, 7, 83, 84, 100, 104, 107
in 1930s, 112
in police, 105
in postcolonial Indian Army, 129
in World War I, 110
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 92
Habib, Irfan, 17
Haidar Ali, 73, 77, 78
Halaku Khan, 47, 48
Han armies/Empire, 17, 24
Hannibal, 13
Hari Singh, 82
Hari Singh, Maharaja, 122
Harness and Saddlery Factory Kanpur, 160
Harshavardhana (Harsha), 27–9
hasham, 61
havildars, 107–8
Hayter, Tony, 94
hazaris, 75
Hemu, General, 54–5, 60
herdsmen, 147
hero stones, 36, 37
Herodotus, 13
Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave Maurice of, 57
Hessing, Colonel John, 79
Hetkaris, 74
high altitude warfare, 123, 124, 126
High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS),
124, 126
High Explosive Factory, Kirkee, 161
Hind, 27, 42
Hinduism
Copyright
Index 239
post-Manu era, 4
used to motivate troops, 7
Hindustanis, 84, 104, 105
Hira Singh, Raja, 85, 87
Hitopadesa, 3
Hizbul Mujahidin, 134
Holkar Dynasty, 76, 79, 80, 96, 148
Honigberger, Martin, 85
horses
care of, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
in EIC armies, 95
evolution of horse technology, 43
Harsha’s army, 28
horse dealers, 145, 147
Mauryan Empire/Army, 18, 19, 144–5
Mughal branding of, 57
shooting from, 67
Turkish, 38
household troops, Babur’s, 52, 54
Hoysala Army/Kingdom, 31, 33, 145
Hsiung-nu, 24
Huainan Kingdom, 17
Hughes, General R., 155
Humayun, Emperor, 3, 45, 53–4, 55, 59,
63, 64
Huns, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 43
Hunter, W. W., 85
hunting, as military training, 58
huzurat, 75
Hydapses, Battle of, 4, 12, 13, 18
Hyderabad, Nizam of, 79–80
Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan, 52–3
ICOs see Indian Commissioned Offi cers
Ift ikharuddin, Mian, 121
Ikhwans, 136
Iltutmish (Altamash), Sultan, 46, 47, 48
Imperial Cavalry, 83
Imperial Service Force (ISF), 113–14
Imperial Service Troops (IST), 91, 105, 110
India
defence budget, 123–4, 126, 127–8
demographic resources, 17, 61, 68, 105,
114–15, 118, 163
historical sources, 3–4, 46
independence, 1, 121
insurgency and COIN, 133–7
partition, 121
problems of ancient history in, 3
Quit India movement, 116, 118
study of military history in, 1–2
India Offi ce Collection, 4
India–Pakistan Wars
1965 and 1971, 124–6, 127, 138
First (1947–8), 121–2
Indian Air Force (IAF), 123, 124, 126, 128
women in, 129–30
Indian Army, 91
in 1857, 96
in 1865 and 1877, 101
in 1901, 107
in 1914, 108
in 1922, 112
in 1945, 117
in 1947, 118
in 1950s and 1960s, 123
in 1975–9, 126
in 2004, 126
budget, 123–4, 126, 127–8
Gurkha contingent, 104
inter-war years, 112–13
long-service volunteers, 102, 108, 117,
118
offi cer shortages, 131, 164
post-Mutiny, 99–108
postcolonial, 6–7, 121–32, 164
regimental system, 7, 107, 128, 132, 165
regional composition of, 111
reorganization (1859), 99
reserve, 103, 107, 108
social and regional profi le, 128–31
transformation into volunteer national
army, 6–7
voluntary recruitment, 128
World War I, 109–11, 164
World War II, 113–17, 164
Indian Commissioned Offi cers (ICOs), 116
Indian Corps, 109
Indian Expeditionary Force D, 110
Indian Military Academy (IMA), 122, 130
Indian Mutiny see Uprising of 1857
Indian National Congress, 1, 116
Indian Navy, 123, 126, 128
non-combatants in, 161
women in, 130
Indian Ordnance Department, 154
Copyright
240 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), 137
Indian princes
failure against EIC’s professional armies,
6
troops, 91
Indian soldiers
demobilization, 118
length of service, 103, 108
monetary incentives, 105–6, 118
motivation, 108–9, 118–19, 163
necessary for maintaining British Empire,
91, 99–100
numbers 1859–1900, 105
numbers in 1865, 101
proposed posting in other colonies, 100
service outside India, 153
three times cheaper than British, 99
indigenous manpower, for logistical duties,
143
Indo-Bactrian Greek Kingdom, 20
Indus, Battle of, 18
Indus Civilization, 9–10, 14, 143
infantry
Abbasid, 29
Bengal Army, 94–5, 98
Bombay Army, 98, 101
British Army, 96
Delhi Sultanate, 46
early modern Europe, 72
fi rearms-equipped, 6
Ghaznavid Army, 39
Gupta Army, 22
Gurkhas as, 84
Harsha’s army, 28
Hoysala Army, 33
Indian Army, 96, 101, 105, 111, 113, 124
Khalsa Army, 83, 84, 85, 88
Madras Army, 98, 154
Maratha, 61, 74–5, 76, 78, 79, 80
Maurya Army, 17, 18, 28
medieval Western European, 33
Mughal Army, 61, 65
Ottoman, 54
Portuguese, 61
Rajput, 38, 40–1, 42
Seunas, 33
Sher Shah’s, 54
Infantry School, Mhow, 122
infantry-artillery paradigm of war, 89
insurgent armies, 133–41, 152
intelligence agents, 149
Invaliding Board, 103
Ipsus, Battle of, 15, 18
iqtadars, 48–9, 50, 68
Iraq, 113
Irish
in British Army, 93, 106–7, 111, 117
Catholics not wanted in Bombay artil-
lery, 92
in EIC forces, 94
irregular regiments, 93
Irvine, William, 51
Islam
forcible conversions to, 5
fundamentalist, 138–9
Ghorids establish Islamic empire in
India, 41
and motivation of troops, 7
Islamic invasions, 27
jagirs see land grants
Jahan Khan, 77
Jahandar Shah, Emperor, 66
Jahangir, Emperor, 45, 57, 58
Jai Singh, 82, 146
Jaichandra, Raja, 41, 42
Jaina generals, 34
Jaipala (Sahi ruler), 40
Jalal-ud-din, Sultan, 47, 49
Jalandhar, 27
Jammu, 122, 134
Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front
( JKLF), 134
Janissaries, 49, 86
Jankoji Sindia, 76
Jassa Singh, 82
Jaswant Rao Holkar, 79, 80, 96, 148
Jaswant Rao Pawar, 76
Jats, 108, 114, 129
javanmardi concept, 67
Jawahir Singh, Sirdar, 85, 87
jawans (infantry), 91
Jayanaka, 36
Jeff ery, Keith, 117
jemadars, 97, 107
jezails, 6
Copyright
Index 241
Jha, D. N., 31
Jha, Vivekanand, 17
Jhanda Singh, 82
Jhangi (chief ), 146
Jhelum Canal Colony, 108
jihad/jihadis, 7, 68, 134
Jindan, Rani, 88
Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 123
jirgas, 139
Jouher, 54
Junior Commissioned Offi cers ( JCOs), 121,
122, 124, 131
Justinian, Emperor, 42
Kabul, 16, 40, 54
Kabul Field Force, 154, 155
Kadambari, 34
Kaiquabad, Sultan, 47
Kakatiyas, 31
Kalinga/Kalinga Army, 15, 16, 17
Kalsia family, 82
Kamal-ud-Din, Mir, 58
Kamandaka, 3, 29, 30, 145
Kamran, Mirza, 54
Kanauj, 27, 29, 41
Kanauj, Battle of, 54, 59
Kandahar, 54
Kandalur, Battle of, 32
Kanhiyas, 82
Kanishka, 20
Kanvas, 20
Kapur Singh, 82
Karan Rai, ruler of Gujerat, 47
Kardla, Battle of, 79
Kargil Operation, 128
Karnal, Battle of, 5, 6
Karuna, Colonel (Vinayagamurthy Mura-
litharan), 137
Kashmir, 27, 82, 121, 122, 124, 126, 133,
134
Kathasaritsagara, 3
katuka, 28
Kaup, Dr Ignaz, 106
Kaur, Mahtab, 82
Kaur, Rani Chand, 82
Kaur, Sada, 82
Kautilya (Chanakya), 3, 14, 15, 19, 30, 144
KCIOs see King’s Commissioned Indian
Offi cers
Keegan, John, 92–3, 108
Kekaya region, 12
Kennedy, Richard S., 32
khalisa (crown land), 65, 66
Khalistani militants, 134, 141
Khalji Dynasty, 47, 49
Khalsa Army
civil-military relations, 86
as king maker, 86
motivation, 88
size and cost, 85–6
strength in 1845, 85
Khalsa Kingdom, 6, 73, 81–8, 89
Khan, Colonel Akbar, 121
Khan, Liaquat Ali, 123
Khan, Mohammad Ayub, 122
Khan, Sardar M. Ibrahim, 121
Khanwa, Battle of, 53, 58, 68
Kharak Singh, 82, 86, 87
Kharavela, 20
Khusrau Shah, 52
Khwaja, Abdul Hadi, 58
Khwaja, Abdul Haji, 57
Khwaja Abdul Majid, 58
Khwaja Abdullah, 57
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 138
King’s Commissioned Indian Offi cers
(KCIOs), 116, 118, 131
kings (rajan)
and rise of standing armies, 4
transformation of tribal chieft ains into, 4
Kirti Lehar, 117
Kishenji (Mallojula Koteshwar Rao), 136
Kitchener, Field Marshal Horatio Herbert,
132, 154
Kitchener–Curzon dispute, 132
knights, medieval European, 33, 39
Kolff , Dirk, 1–2, 51, 68
Koli chiefs, 60–1
Konkan, 73
Kosala, 11
Krishna III, King, 33
Krora Singh, 82
kshatradharma, 163
Kshatriyas, 10, 14, 19, 21, 24, 36, 37–8, 163
Kudalasangamam, Battle of, 35
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242 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
Kumaragupta, Emperor, 21
Kumaun, 112
Kundu, Apurba, 116
Kushanas, 20, 23
Kut, Siege of, 109
labour
forced, 145
local free, 147
military service as, 3
Mughal pool of military, 61, 68
skilled, 158–9
labour companies, 8
Lahore Arsenal, 85
Lake, Lord, 80, 81
Lal Paltan, 95
Lal Singh, 88
land grants, 2, 4, 5, 31, 48, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61,
62, 64–5, 66, 69, 74, 75, 78, 83, 84, 85,
108, 118, 161
land tax, 16, 63
Langmore, Major, 153
lascars, 92, 100, 149, 150
Lashkar-i-Toiba (LET), 134
Lawrence, John, Viceroy, 100
Lech, Battle of, 39, 40
levies
annual Russian, 94
medieval era, 32, 34, 43
Mughal Empire, 59–60
for policing, 104–5
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),
137–8, 140, 141
Licchavis of Vaisali, 11
linguistic problems, 100, 152
linked battalion scheme, 103
Liu An, 17
Liu Bi, 17
Lockhart, General Rob, 114
Lodhi Dynasty, 45, 49, 52, 53, 62
logistics
ancient period, 143–5
British period, 148–60
importance of, 143
medieval period, 145–7
personnel in charge of, 7
postcolonial, 160–1
long service, logic behind, 94
Louis XIV, King of France, 72, 146
Low, Major-General C. B., 100
LTTE see Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Lumsden, Major-General P. S., 101
Lynn, John A., 56, 149
Lysimachus, 15
Macedonians, 13, 15
MacMunn, George, 112
Madhav Rao I, Peshwa, 77
Madras Army, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 150,
153–4
composition of Indian Infantry in 1858,
98, 99
Madras Army Native Infantry, 78
Madras Cavalry, 95, 149
Madras Infantry, 154
Madras Presidency, 103–4
madrasas, 133
Magadha, 11–12, 13, 18, 20
Magnesia, Battle of, 18
Magyars, 39
mahabaladhrikata, 28
Mahabharata, 10
Mahadji Sindia, 77, 78
mahajanapadas, 11–12
Maharashtra, 20
mahasamantas, 28
Mahendra, King, 21
Mahmud of Ghazni, 40, 41
Mahmud Khan, 53
Mahmud, Sultan, 83
mahouts, 4, 145, 146
Malaya, 113, 147
Malhar Rao Holkar, 76
Malwa, Battle of, 46
mamluk system, 5, 45, 46–50, 68
Manekshaw, Field-Marshal S. M., 107, 131
Manipur, 136, 137
mansabdari system, 5, 45, 46, 55–8, 61,
64–5, 66–7, 68, 69
Manusmriti, 10
Manzikert, Battle of, 43
Maobadis, 7
Maoists, 136–7, 140
Maratha Confederacy, 6, 8, 60, 73–81, 86,
89
military personnel, 77
Copyright
Index 243
Marathas, 3, 46, 61, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 115,
148, 149
rise of, 74, 75
marching in step, 72
Marine Battalion, Bombay Army, 98, 99
maritime power, Cholas, 32
Marri tribesmen, 140
martial arts, 34
Martial Race theory, 6, 7, 103–4, 112,
114–15, 119
and shaping of postcolonial armies, 119
martyrdom, 67, 68, 163
Marxism/Marxist historians, 1, 51
Massageto-Chorasmian peoples, 23
matchlocks, 71
maula (hereditary troops), 19, 21, 34, 43
Maurice of Orange, Prince, 57
Maurya Army, 4, 17–20, 21, 22, 33, 43,
144–5
Maurya Empire, 4, 14–17, 21, 24, 165
bureaucracy, 16, 18
Mawalis, 74, 75
Mazaga, 14
medical aid, 143, 144, 148–9, 152, 156, 162
medieval period, 27–43
evolution to modern warfare, 71
non-combatants, 145–7, 161
Megasthenes, 15, 16, 19, 144
Menander, 20
mercenaries, 4
Abyssinian, 60
Arab, 29, 79
Brahmin, 54
Delhi Sultanate, 48, 49, 50
European, 6, 69, 73
Gupta Army, 21–2
Hindu, 36
Marathas, 74
Mauryan Army, 19
motivation of, 36–7
Mughal Army, 58–9, 69
Ottoman, 52, 58, 69
Pala Army, 34
Paurava’s, 12
Persian, 69
professional, 58–9, 69
Rajput, 53
rebellions among, 35
replacement by regimental soldiering, 71
Rohilla, 79
Seleucid, 17
Sri Lankan, 35
see also mansabdari system
merchants
and supplies on campaign, 144, 145–6
Tamil, 35
Merovingian Dynasty, 32
Mesopotamia, 109, 110, 112
Mihirabhoja, 29
military administration
ancient period, 11
British period, 108
evolution of modern, 72
medieval, 30–1, 35
postcolonial, 126, 160, 162
Military College of Engineering (near
Peshawar), 126
Military College, Jhelum, 126
Military Department, 153, 154
military institutions
17th-century European, 57
British period, 105
early medieval, 33–4, 43
lack of indigenous, 90
postcolonial, 122, 124, 125, 130, 160–1
military labour see labour
military revolution(s)/evolution, 6, 71–2,
89, 164
miners, 100, 105, 111, 112, 113, 144
Mir Qasim, 60, 78
Mirak Husain, 58
misls, 82
missiles, 161
mitrabala, 19
modern warfare, transition to, 71
Mohammad Abdullah, Sheikh, 121
Molesworth, Lieutenant-General G. N.,
114–15
monetization, 5, 6, 64, 69
Mongols
in Babur’s army, 52
domination of Central Asia and Afghani-
stan, 5
invasions, 24, 47, 49
monsoon failure, 65
Moosvi, Shireen, 64
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244 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
moral welfare, 94, 102
Morris, Major C. J., 112
mortars, 71
Mountain Division, 8th, 136
Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 123
Mouton, Colonel François Henri, 87–8
Mudki, Battle of, 88
Mughal Army
composition of, 68–9
culture and combat motivation, 66–8
defeat at Karnal, 5
early, 51–5
evolution of, 46
historical works on, 51
mansabdari system, 55–8
non-combatants, 146–7
offi cer corps, 3
regional levies, 59–60
technical skill and foreign mercenaries,
58–9
Mughal Empire
administrative institutions become
dysfunctional, 46
agrarian crisis, 46, 64–5, 66, 73
decline of, 5, 66, 73, 81, 164
Delhi Sultanate replaced by, 45
economy, 46, 51, 63–5, 66
historical sources, 46
and Marathas, 74
Muhammad bin Tughluq, Sultan, 47, 61–2
Muhammad Ghori, Sultan, 41, 42, 46, 48
Muhammad Shah, Sultan, 50
Muin-ud-din, 58
Mukteshwar, Antaji, 76
mullahs, 138
munitions industry, 158–9
Musharraf, Pervez, 122, 134
musicians, 144, 145
muskets, 71
Muslim Conference, 121
Muslim League, 121, 123
Muslim troops
Bombay Army, 98
Madras Army, 95
see also Punjabi Muslims
Mustafa (Ottoman mercenary), 58
mutinies
1857, 6, 96, 97–8, 99, 100
Delhi garrison, 96
Khalsa Army, 85
Naval Mutiny (1946), 158
Sikhs in Indian Army, 129
White Mutiny (1859), 91
Myanmar
Naga insurgency, 136
see also Burma
Mysore, 8, 73, 77
Nadir Shah, 5, 66, 76
nadus, 32
Naga Federal Army (NFA), 136
Naga Federal Government (NGF), 135–6
Nagas of Mathura, 20
Nagas/Nagaland, 135–6
Nagda-Ahar lineage, 36
naiks, 107, 108
najib battalions, 84
Najib Khan, 76
namak halali, 37, 109, 163–4
Nanda Army/Empire, 13–14, 15, 17
Napoleonic army, 83, 95
Nassau brothers, 72
National Archives of India, 4
National Conference, 121
National Defence Academy (NDA), 130
National Defence College (NDC), 125
National Service Labour Tribunals, 159
nationalism, 76, 116, 118
Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland
(NSCN), 136, 137
‘native’ commandants, 93, 107
nattars, 32
Naval Base Labour Camp, 158
Nawaz Sharif, Mian Muhammad, 122
Naxalites, 136
nayakam, 35
Nazar Muhammad, ruler of Balkh, 56
NCOs
in French Army, 94
Indian, 91, 108, 114, 124, 131
pensions, 105–6
in police, 104, 105
Need, Lieutenant-Colonel, 148
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 6, 123, 134, 161
neo-Muslims, 49–50
Nepal, 2, 7, 27
Copyright
Index 245
EIC invasion of, 104
insurgency and COIN, 133, 140
recruitment in, 104, 112, 140
Nepal Peoples Liberation Army (NPLA),
140
Niazi, Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah,
125
Nitiprakasika, 36
Nitisara (Kamandaka), 3, 29, 30, 35, 145
nitisastras, 35
Nizam-ul-Mulk, 79–80
nomadic warfare, 24
nomads
invasion by Central Asian, 4, 24
Rajput expansion at expense of pastoral,
36
non-combatants, 7–8, 143–62
ancient period, 143–5
British period, 148–60
medieval period, 145–7
postcolonial militaries, 160–1
recruitment by province 1914–18, 157
Non-Commissioned Offi cers see NCOs
non-martial races, 7, 103–4, 114, 115
non-state armies, 141, 165
see also insurgent armies; private armies
North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), 124
North East India, insurgency and COIN,
135–6
North-West Frontier, 16, 72, 98, 103, 109
insurgency and COIN, 138–9
nurses, 156
Ochterlony, Major-General David, 104
offi cer cadre
opened to Indians, 115–16, 118
professionalization of, 72, 90
offi cers, British
background of, 97
increase in numbers, 107
in Indian Army, 91, 99, 132
number in 1857, 96
in regular and irregular regiments, 93
and World War I Indian troops, 109–10
offi cers, European
in Bombay Army, 92
desertion of, 89–90
jealousy of, 87
murder of, 86
offi cers, professional Indian
emergence in World War II, 90
postcolonial shortages of, 131, 164
O’Hanlon, R., 67
Olivares, Count-Duke of, 57
Omar Shaikh, 51
Operation Blue Star, 129, 135
Operation Enduring Freedom, 139
Operation Green Hunt, 137
Operation Meghdoot, 126
opium, use of, 98
ORBATs
ancient and early medieval, 30
Paurava’s, 13
ordnance departments, 153–4
ordnance factories, 158–60, 161, 162
ORs
Indian, 93, 131
unbridgeable gap between offi cers and,
94
Ostrogoths, 42
Otto I the Great, 40
Ottoman Army, 49, 58
Ottoman court, 52
Ottonians, 39
pacifi cation duties, 104–5
Pakistan, 2
insurgency and COIN, 133, 134, 135,
138–40
military rule in, 122–3
recruitment in, 7
see also India–Pakistan Wars
Pakistan Army, 121–3, 124–6
COIN campaigns, 139, 140
composition in 2000, 127
and education, 125–6
organization of, 121
and political sphere, 123, 132
regimental system, 128, 132, 165
social and regional profi le, 128–30
Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), 125,
126, 130
Pakistan Navy, 126
Pakistani Rangers, 140
Pala Army/Empire, 29, 30, 34, 145
Palestine, 112
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246 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
Pallava Dynasty, 20, 21
Panchantantra, 36–7
panchayats, 93
Pandyas, 32
Panipat
First Battle of (1526), 5, 52–3, 58, 63
Second Battle of (1556), 55
Th ird Battle of (1761), 77, 86, 89
Pant, G. N., 9
parallels, 71
Parthasarathi, Prasannan, 63
Parthians, 20, 22, 23
Partition, 121
Pasand Khan, Shah, 77
Pataliputra (Pataligrama), 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,
17, 21, 27
Pathan Regiment, 128
Pathans, 7, 75, 82, 95, 98, 104, 108, 110,
114, 129, 139
pati, 28
Paurava/Puru (Poros), 12–13, 14
payment
Delhi Sultanate, 61–2
EIC, 69, 95
of European offi cers, 84
Indian Army reserve, 103
of Indian soldiers, 105
Khalsa Army, 84, 85, 86–7
Maratha Army, 75, 78
Maurya Army, 19
of medieval armies, 31
of mercenaries, 35, 50
Mughal Army, 59, 62–6, 69
of non-combatants, 146, 147, 148, 149,
150–1, 152
police, 104–5
of Rajput troops, 62
see also land grants
peasant levies, 32
peasant uprisings, 72
Peel, Lord, 99
Peel Commiittee, 99
Peithon, Satrap of Sind, 14
pensions
for British soldiers, 102
for EIC Indian troops, 96
for Indian soldiers, 103, 105–6
in Pakistan Army, 130
in postcolonial Indian Army, 130
for rebel sepoys, 98
for VCOs and NCOs, 106
for wounded, 105
People’s Liberation Army see PLA
Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA),
136, 137
Peoples War Group (PWG), 136
periyanadus, 32
Perron, Pierre Cullien, 78, 79, 81
Persia, 112
Persian sources, 3
Persians, 46, 54, 58, 66
in Mughal service, 54, 56, 68
Pervez, Prince, 59
Peshawar, 82
Peshawar, Battle of, 40
peshwa, 75
phalanx, 13
Pharsalus, Battle of, 18
Phizo, 135–6
Picq, Ardant du, 92
pikemen, 71
Piluji, 76
Pinch, William, 67
Pioneer companies, 149
Piron, 80
Pithor Rai, 42
PLA (People’s Liberation Army), 127, 132
plunder
Chola state, 32
Ghaznavid, 41
Maratha Army, 75
Maurya Empire, 17
and mercenaries, 54
as motivation for military service, 164
in Mughal service, 59, 63
tribal chiefs and, 52
Poland, 89
police, semi-military, 104–5
polo, 58
Polyperchon, 15
Pompey the Great, 18
Poona Horse, 34th, 109
population
Bangladesh, 125
China, 127
European, 61
German (1871), 102
India, 61, 105, 114–15, 163
Copyright
Index 247
Khalsa Kingdom, 86
Ottoman Empire, 61
Pakistan, 124, 127
South Asia youth bulge, 133
Portuguese, 61, 91, 92
post-Gupta period, 27–9, 145
postal relay stations, 146
postcolonial militaries, 121–32
non-combatants, 160–1
postmodernism, 1
Prabhakaran, Vellupillai, 137, 138
Prasenjit, 11
Pratap, Raja of Ujjain, 57
prati bhata, 28
Pritchard, C.B., 101
Prithviraj Chauhan, 41, 42
Prithvirajvijayamahakavya ( Jayanaka), 36,
37
private armies, 7, 133
of large landed proprietors, 27, 31
non-Islamic, 7
in Roman West Europe, 34
see also insurgent armies
professionalization, 72
promotions, EIC armies, 97
prostitutes, 144, 155–6
proto-Austroloid people, 11
Prussian Army, 86
regimental system, 92
short service system, 102
Pulakesin II, 27
Punic War, Second, 15
punishment see discipline and punishment
Punjab, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22,
24, 28, 39, 49, 54, 63, 81, 82, 86, 115,
129, 139
Sikh insurgency, 134–5
Punjab Frontier Force/Punjab Irregular
Force (PFF/PIF), 91, 95, 96
Punjab Infantry Regiment, 19th, 150–1
Punjabi Muslims, 7, 84, 98, 104, 105, 108,
110, 112, 114, 129
Purbiyas, 6, 84, 95, 118
Purugupta, 21
Pushyabatis, 27
Pushyamitra Sunga, 18
pyrotechny, 59
Qasim, Muhammad Bin, 29, 39
Quit India movement, 116
Qutlugh Khwaja, 47
racial inferiority theory, 51
Raghuji Bhonsle, 80
Raghunath Rao, 76
Raghuvamsam, 22
Rai Pithaura, 41
Rajadhiraja, King, 33
Rajagriha, 11
rajanyas, 10
rajaputras, 4, 36, 37
Rajaraja I, 32, 33
Rajasthan, 29, 33, 36
Rajendra I, King, 32
Rajendra II, King, 35
Rajputana, 35
Rajputs
coalition, 40, 42
companies in Bombay Army, 91
culture and combat, 35–8, 66–7, 68
and Delhi Sultanate, 49
in Indian Army, 109, 110, 114
in Khalsa Army, 84
land grants to, 4
and Maratha Confederacy, 60
and Mughals, 53, 54, 56, 59–60, 66–7,
68
non-combatants, 145
origin of term, 36, 37
payment of troops, 62
recruitment to EIC armies, 60, 95
rise of, 27, 31, 35–6, 74
subdued by Akbar, 45
versus Turks, 38–43
Ramal, Chief of, 29
Ramanyana, 68
Ramnagar, Battle of, 88
Rana Sangha Singh, 53
ranabhandargaradhikarana, 143
Randaulah Khan, General, 74
Ranjit Singh, Maharaja, 82–3, 84, 85, 86, 88
Rashtrakutas, 29, 30, 31, 33
Ravi Varman Tiruvadi, King, 32
Rawar, Battle of, 29
Raymond (European military entrepreneur),
79
recruiting parties, 93
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248 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
recruitment
Delhi Sultanate, 48–50, 59
early modern European, 92
Harsha’s army, 28
mamluk system, 45, 46–50, 68
mansabdari system, 5, 45, 46, 55–8, 61,
64–5, 66–7, 68, 69
Maratha Army, 78
Mauryan Empire, 19
medieval era, 34
mini-systems, 60–1
Mughal Empire, 59–60, 61
of non-combatants, 2, 7–8
Ottoman, 49
patterns of, 2
policy, 1
post-Roman Western Europe, 32
postcolonial Indian Army, 131
regimental system of, 91–119
World War I, 110
World War II, 113–16
see also levies; mercenaries
Red Army, 113, 117
regimental system, 90, 91–119, 163
in EIC era (1700–1859), 6, 69, 91–9
naming and numbering, 92
in post-1857 Mutiny era, 99–108
in postcolonial era, 7, 121, 128, 132
traditions, 7, 92–3
in World War I and II eras, 108–18
regional armies, amalgamation of, 105
regional levies, Mughal Empire, 59–60
reserve
Indian, 103, 107
Western Europe, 102
Revolutionary Government of Nagaland
(RGN), 136
Revolutionary People’s Front of Manipur,
137
Richards, John F., 51, 62, 63
road construction, 7, 145, 147, 157
Roberts, Field-Marshal Lord Frederick, 7,
102, 103–4
Rohillas, 6, 75, 76, 79
Roman Army, 17–18, 19, 72
legionary system, 92
Roman Catholics, Irish, 92
Romans, 13, 15, 16, 23, 31–2
Rose, General Hugh, 100
Rosen, Stephen Peter, 1, 51, 131
royal armies, medieval era, 34–5, 43
Royal Artillery, 92, 106
Royal Bhutan Army, 136
Royal Indian Air Force, 118, 159
Royal Indian Army Service Corps, 117
Royal Indian Navy (RIN), 117, 118, 159
Royal Nepal Army (RNA), 140
Rudrasimha III, 21
Rufus, Curtius, 14, 18
Rumi Khan, 59
Rumi, M. K., 59
Rumi, Muhammad bin Hasan, 59
rural recruits, preference for, 106, 113, 115,
164
Russia, and North-West Frontier, 103, 107
Russian Army, 86
19th-century recruitment, 94
World War I, 110
Rusta-Hazara tribe, 52
sabbatthaka, 11
Sadho Singh, 82
Safavid Dynasty, 54, 57, 58, 63
Saff arid Dynasty, 40
Safi , Shah, 58
Sahi Army/Kingdom, 39–40
sahids, 68
Saivaites, 67
Sakas, 20, 21, 22, 35
Salabat Khan, 56
salais, 34
samanta system, 27, 28, 31, 36
Sambre (Reinhardt, Walther), 78–9
Samnite Wars, 16
Samru, Begum, 78, 79, 83
Samudragupta, 20–1, 24, 27
Sangala, 14
Sangam Age, 144
Sapper and Miner School, Bangalore, 105
sappers, 100, 105, 111, 112, 113, 144
Sar-i-Pul, Battle of, 51–2
saranjams, 64
sarnobats, 75
Sasanka, King of Gauda, 27
Sassanid Empire, 21, 22, 23, 39
Sastri, A. Nilakanta, 18
Satakarni, Gautampitra, 20
Satavahana Empire, 20
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Index 249
Saudi Arabia, 127
savers (cavers) units, 34
Saxe-Weimar, Bernhard of, 71
Scheduled Tribes, 135
Scipio, 13
scorched earth policy, 146
scutage, 32
scythe chariots, 11, 143
Scythians, 20, 22
Sea Tigers, 137
secretariats, military, 72
Seleucid Empire, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24
Seleucos Nicator, 14–15, 18, 41
Seljuqs, 39, 42, 50
sena nayaka mahamattas, 11
sepoys (infantry), 91, 107
pensions, 105
promotions, 97
recruitment, 93, 95
salaries and conditions, 95–6
servants, 143, 151, 154
service
compulsory, 113, 119
terms of, 2, 102, 103
Seunas, 33, 34
Shah Jahan, Emperor, 45, 56, 57, 58, 65, 69,
146
Shahjehanpur Clothing Factory, 159, 160
Shahji Bhonsle, 74
Shaibani Khan, 52
Shang Dynasty/armies, 10, 12–13
Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan), 45, 53–4, 59,
60, 62, 67, 69, 75
Sher Singh, Maharaja, 85, 86–7, 88
Shivadev, Vithal, 76
Shivaji Bhonsle, 61, 75
shock troops, 34
short service scheme, 94, 102
Showers, General, 152
Shuja, Awadh, 76
shutarnals (camel swivel guns), 6
Siachen Glacier, 126
siege warfare, 59, 71
signal service, 111, 113
Sikander Lodhi, 62, 146
Sikander Suri, 54
Sikhs, 3, 6, 7, 75, 81, 84, 95, 98, 100, 104,
105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 118
insurgency in Punjab, 134–5
in postcolonial Indian Army, 129
see also Khalsa Kingdom
silk route, 4
Sind, 12, 18, 22, 28, 49, 50, 59, 114, 129,
154
Arabs in, 29, 33, 40
Sind Campaign, Second, 50
Singapore, 113
Singh, Baghel, 82
Singh, Major-General Shahbeg, 135
Sinhala Only Act, 137
sirdars, 73, 75, 76, 82, 85, 87, 89
infi ghting between, 6, 76
Sirhind, Fort of, 41
Sirhindi, Yahiya Bin Ahmad Bin Abdullah,
42, 61–2
Sirmoor Battalion, 104
Skandagupta, 21, 24
slave soldiers, 60
see also mamluk system
slavery, Maurya Empire, 16
Smith, Major-General Harry, 88
Smith, Mr (magistrate), 152–3
Sobraon, Battle of, 87
Somme, Battle of the, 109
Sophytes, 15
sovereignty, parcellization of, 31
Soviet Army, 117, 118
sowars (cavalry), 5, 91, 95, 96, 99, 105, 107,
148
Special Commissioned Offi cers (SPOs), 131
SPOs see Special Commissioned Offi cers
Sravasti, 11
srenibala, 19
srenis, 4, 21, 165
Sri Ghatotkachagupta, 20
Sri Lanka, 2, 32–3, 35
insurgency and COIN, 137–8
see also Ceylon
Sri Lanka Army (SLA), 138
Sri Lanka Navy (SLN), 138
Sri Lanka’s Armed Force (SLAF), 138
Srivastava, A. K., 17
standing armies
Abbasid, 29
Delhi Sultanate, 48
French, 86
Ghaznavid, 39
Gupta Empire, 165
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250 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
Maratha, 75
Mauryan Empire, 19, 33, 165
Mughal Empire, 61, 165
Prussian, 86
rise of, 4
Russian, 86
Seleucid, 17
Western European, 72
state building, 1, 4
state sovereignty, breakdown of, 4, 27
Stein, Burton, 2
Stevenson, Colonel, 80
stirrups, 38, 43
Strachan, Hew, 107
stretcher bearers, 144, 149, 154, 155
Streusand, Douglas, 51, 56, 64, 65
Stuart, General, 80
subadar-majors, 93, 104
subadars, 56, 96, 97, 104, 107
Sufi s, 67, 68
Sui Army, 28, 145
suicide bombers, 134
suicide squads, 34
suicides, Indian Army, 133
Sukranitisara, 3, 7, 30–1, 36, 37
SULFA, 136
Sumerians, 13
Sunga Empire, 18, 20
Supervisor Training Scheme, 159
Supplementary Committee, 99
Supply and Transport Corps School, 160
Surasena, 11
surgeons, 152
Suri Dynasty, 54
Swedish Army
18th-century, 89
regimental system, 92
sweepers, 145, 147, 148, 154
swords
Indus Civilization, 9
Rajput, 5, 38
Sikh tulwars, 85
syces, 8
Tajiks, 52
Takkolam, Battle of, 33
Taliban, 139
Tamil New Tigers, 137
Tamils, 35, 98, 112, 137–8
tandas, 146
Tang Dynasty/Army, 28–9
tanzims, 133
Tarain
Battles of, 5
Second Battle of, 42
Targhi, 47
taulqama charge, 5, 52
taxation, 4
Delhi Sultanate, 61–2
Maurya Empire, 16
Mughal Empire, 56, 63
Nanda Empire, 14
of neo-Muslims, 50
scutage, 32
Taxila, 14
Technical Recruiting Organization, 159
technology of warfare, 2
Mughal Army, 58–9
Ottoman, 59
training, 159
Tej Singh, 88
Telingas/Telugas, 98, 112
tercio, 92
terrorism, 133, 140
thakurs, 4, 98, 145
Th aneshwar, 27
Th apliyal, U. P., 10, 27
Th irty Years’ War, 71
timariots (sipahi), 49
Timur, Amir, 5, 45, 50, 51, 53
Timurids, 45
tin men, 151
tindals, 150, 155
Tipu Sultan, 73
topasses, 91, 92, 161
Toramana, 24
total war, 15
trade and commerce
Delhi Sultanate, 62
discouraged by post-Manu Hinduism, 4
Gupta Empire, 21
Maurya Empire, 16
Mughal Empire, 63
post-Gupta decline in, 27
training
17th-century European armies, 57
average period for recruits, 107
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Index 251
by European entrepreneurs for Indian
rulers, 73
Delhi Sultanate, 57–8
early modern Europe, 72
failure of indigenous powers to set up
academies, 90
Maoists, 137
Maurya Army, 19–20, 33
medieval era, 33–4
Mughal Army, 57, 58
postcolonial era, 122, 125–6, 130
for sappers and miners, 105
technical, 159
treasure, carrying of, 30
tribal chieft ains, 4, 32, 62, 68
tribal confederacies, 4
tribal disorders, 72
tribal militias, 2, 4, 10, 52, 53
tribute
Chola state, 32
Mughal Empire, 53
tripolar struggle, 29–32
Trivedi, C. M., 114
tropical diseases, 117
trumpeters, 145, 148
Tsin, 13
Tulaki, Zia-ud-din, 41
tulwars, 85
Turanis, 55, 56, 67, 68
Turks
ascendancy of, 42
Rajputs versus, 38–43
see also Delhi Sultanate; Ottoman
Empire; Seljuqs
Tweedale, Marquis of, 99
udankuttam, 34
Udayin, 12
Ugrasena, 13
Uighur tribesmen, 28
Ulugh Khan, 47
umedwars, 93
Unarpur Fort, Siege of, 59
uniform see armour and uniform
United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA),
136
United Public Service Commission (UPSC)
of India, 130
United States
post-World War II, 117
sponsor jihad against USSR, 139
Vietnam, 128
World War I, 108
uparikas, 28
Uprising of 1857, 6, 96, 97–8, 99, 100
urban populace
negative attitude to recruitment of, 95,
106, 113, 163
as recruits in World War I, 110
Uzbeks, 54, 55
Vajji, 11
valanadus, 32
Vankoji, 74
vardhaki, 144
varnas, 1
vassals, 31, 32
Vasudeva, 20
VCOs
importance of role, 107
Indian, 91, 93, 97, 107, 108, 114
pensions, 105–6
in police, 104, 105
promotion to commissioned ranks, 116
Vedas, 3
Vedic Age, 10–11, 33, 143
Vegetius, 19
venereal disease, 155, 156
Venetian Republic, 57
Ventura, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87
veterinary surgeons, 144–5, 148
Viceroy’s Commissioned Offi cers see VCOs
Victoria Cross, 109
Videhas, 11
Vietnam War, 128
Vijayabahu, 33, 35
village ties, and recruitment, 92, 93
vishti, 145
Vishwas Rao, 76
volley fi ring technique, 72
volunteer national army, 6–7
vulluvams, 35
vyuhas, 30
Waihind, Battle of, 40
Wali (brother of Khusrau Shah), 52
Wali Khan, Shah, 77
Wallenstein, Count Albrecht von, 57, 71, 78
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252 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
ward orderlies, 156, 157
warlords, biographies of medieval, 46
Warring Kingdoms, 24
warrior communities, social construction
of, 2
warrior ethos
Hindu, 36
Marathas, 74
Rajput, 36, 74
wastage, among British troops, 94
water carriers see bhistis
water supply
and caste taboos, 96
destruction of, 146
Wavell, Field Marshal Archibald, 116
Waziristan, North and South, 139
weapons
early modern, 71
Gupta Army, 23
Gurkha, 104
Huns, 22–3
Indus Civilization, 9
Khalsa Army, 85
Magadha, 11–12
manufacture and supply, 144, 145
Maratha, 74, 79
Maurya Army, 19
medieval European knights, 39
Mughal, 53, 58, 65, 69
no arms gap between indigenous powers
and EIC, 89
Rajput, 5, 38
Scythian, 22
Turks, 5, 38
Vedic Age, 10–11
Western European, 71
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 80,
94, 102
Western Chou, 10
Western Europe
higher level of militarization in, 86, 89,
164
post-Roman, 31–2
short service mass conscript forces, 102
Western Ghats, 73
White, General George S., 104, 105, 107,
155, 156
White Huns (Hephalites), 21, 23
White Mutiny (1859), 91
Whittaker, Dick, 31
Wilson, Lieutenant-Colonel W. J., 150
Wink, Andre, 35, 38, 51
wives, with regiment, 153
Wolseley, Garnet, 102
women
camp followers, 155–6
in Indian armed forces, 129–30, 132, 165
in private/insurgent armies, 7, 136–7,
140
World War I, 6, 108–11
non-combatants, 157, 158
World War II, 6, 113–17
emergence of professional commissioned
Indian offi cer corps, 90
non-combatants, 157–60, 162
recruitment of Indian gunners, 100
written operational command, 72
Wu Army/Kingdom, 12, 17
Wu Ling, 24
Xerxes, 12
Xiong-nu, 24
Yadava, B. N. S., 31
Yadava (Seuna) Army, 34
Yadava Bhillama, 33
Yadava family, 11, 33
Yaqub (Saff arid ruler), 39–40
Yar Muhammad Khan, Ustad, 59
Yaudheyas, 20, 21
Yavanas, 22
Young, Lieutenant Frederick, 104
Younger Paurava, 12, 13
youth bulge, 133
Ypres, First Battle of, 109
Yuan Chwang, 28
yuddhacharya (teachers of military science),
10
Yueh-chi, 20
Yunus Khan, 52
Zafar Khan, 47
Zama, Battle of, 13
zamindars, 56, 61, 68
Zia-ul-Haq, General, 7, 129, 134, 135
zig-zag trenches, 71
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