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Presentation Title Goes Here
…presentation subtitle.
Improved Postharvest Technologies
for reducing postharvest losses andincreasing of farmers incomes form
their rice harvests.
Martin Gummert
Postharvest Section, GQNPC, IRRI
Post Production Workgroup,Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, IRRC
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Contents
• Introduction• Postharvest problems and options for betterpostharvest management
o Harvesting
o Dryingo Storage
o Milling
o Market information• Lessons learned
• Key issues
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Problems faced by Asian rice farmers?
• Farmers income has been eroded
• Farmers are price takers and sellmost at harvest because:
indebtness
poor storage lack of market knowledge
• Rural labor shortage
• Little chance to add value
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Options to increase rice farmers’incomes
1. Increase crop yields andreduce production costs
2. Reduce losses especially
in post harvest
3. Reduce cost of
postharvest operations
4. Find higher value
markets
5. Diversify into other crops
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Postharvest losses add up
• Grain loss
• Loss in quality• Farmers don’t add value to their rice
Combined losses
Weight: 10-20%Value: 25-50%
Grain value
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IRRI’s Postharvest Projects
• Postharvest Unit of GQNPC in Los Baños
o Research on principles (hermetic storage), coordination
• Postproduction Workgroup of IRRC (SDC funded)o Phase IV: 2009-2012o Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam
o Focus on out-scaling postharvest technologies
• Reduction of postharvest losses and increasing farmers’incomes (ADB funded)
o Follow-up of ADB/JFPR funded project 2005-2008o Implementation: 2009-2013o Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippineso Out-scaling PH technologies verified in the ADB/JFPR project
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Postproduction Partnerships 2007
ICAPRD
BLSC
PPD NAFRI
NLU
IRRC Members
ADB-IFPR Partners
MRPTAHUAF
Postharvest trainees
CARDI
SME
BPTP
BPTP
ABC
VIAEP
SIAEP
SSFFMP / BPTP
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MarketingMillingStorageDryingHarvesting
Approach for improving postharvest
Postharvest Value Chain
Machine Harvesting Machine Drying Hermetic Storage Rice millimprovement
Marketing Assistance
Understanding Quality Training Policy
Farmers: reduce losses / cost; more participation in the value chain –> increased income
Commercial sector: reduce losses / increase quality –> increased profit
Policy: food security, poverty reduction, health
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Harvesting Problems
Physical losses (2-5%)
o Shattering in fieldo Over drying
o Transporting
Quality losseso Grain Discoloration
o Fungal infestation
Migration leads to labor shortagein rural areas
o High harvesting cost(Cambodia up to 75$/ha)
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Stripper harvesting• Reduce harvesting cost• Reduce losses• Failed in the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand
Promotion through ATIAMI in SouthSulawesi (Sulsel)
1997-20011994-1996 Initial testing of IRRI
prototype in Indonesia
Manufacturing in Surabaja
In 2005 local production in Sulsel
3 ManufacturersChandue: 210 units in 2005
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Mechanized harvesting, Cambodia
• Manual harvesting
o US$ 75/hao Delays
• Mini combine
o 1ha/day
o US$ 4,000o Loss 1-3%
o Cost: US$ 35/ha
• Benefit for farmers
o Lower costo Timely harvest
o Better quality
o Less losses
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Mechanizing Harvesting
• Lessons learned
o In areas with labor shortage highly beneficialo Introduction takes time (4-10 years)
o Some organizations have difficulties to sourcetechnologies abroad (Lao, Myanmar)
• Key issues
o Often too little involvement of private sector ingovernment driven development programs
o Support to manufacturers, after sales serviceso Financing
o Do not re-invent the wheel
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Drying Problems
Double cropping systems:
o One harvest in the wetseason
o Sun drying often notfeasible
• Discoloration,fungal infestation
• Sprouted grain
• 10-30% reduction inhead rice yield
Traditional drying systems
Over drying in field (1-4%)
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Farm level dryers
• Vietnamese farm level
dryer (UAF-IRRI-GTZ)o 1t capacity
o Cost: < $ 150
o 1.000 + sales by 1997
• Testing by ATIAMI andCREMNET failed
o Philippines, Myanmar,Bangladesh,
Cambodia…o 1kW electric motor
o Investment
o Benefit?
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Vietnamese Flat bed dryer • Continuous increase of capacity
o 1t in 70ties
o 4t in mid 80tieso 8t in late 90ties
o Reversible air-flow in 2002
• Status 2007
o 6,000 dryers in Mekong Delta• Farmers benefit
o Safe drying
o Low cost (
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Drying Systems Transfer
U s e r s
M a n u f a c t u r e r s
Source country (Vietnam) Target countries (LAO, MMR, CAM)
Production
know-how Manufacturing
potentialCambodia
Farmer processing center
IRRI / NARES facilitated technology transfer process
Lao
Proven commercial options 2007: 40 dryersinstalled in Myanmar
Current problems / needs
Tech. assistance
User training
Drying systems training
at NLU, Vietnam
• Manufacturing
• Testing
• System integration
Technology
Participants start local production
Need assessmentsTechnology evaluation
Scientific Principles
Dryer components made by
manufacturers in
Demo,
Promotion,
Training
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Rice hull furnace,
NLU, Vietnam
• Featureso Automatic feeding and ash
removalo Clean burning, Low emissionso No fly asho Saves ~ 10l kerosene/t
(CO2 neutral)
• Resultso Low cost (< US$ 3,000 for
dryer, blower, and furnace)
o Saves labor
o Long term monitoringunderway
o Can produce carbonized ricehusk
Commercial furnaces in Vietnamo Tray Ninho Farmers at Cat Tien Districto Nhon Hinh Cooperativeo Hau Thanh Dong Cooperative
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Lessons learned
• Mechanical dryers have better performance than sun dryingo 10-30% more head rice in mechanical dryers compared to
sun drying (Indonesia, Ramchandra, 2007)o Sun drying cheapest option
• Manufacturers modify on users’ request-> negative effect on performance
• Successful introduction where research institutions stayedinvolved and adapted dryers to users’ needs• Size and complexity:
o Simple, locally produced dryers get adoptedo Small dryers economically not attractive -> trend towards
bigger dryers -> commercial and contract drying for farmerso Farmers benefit from better quality, eliminated weather risk,
safe storage (benefits are not very visible)
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Dryers, key issues
• Local production (local
workshops will copy)• Adaptation (up scaling)
• Performance testing
• Financing (users)
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Storage Problems
Weight loss (3-5%)
Respiration Consumed by pests
Quality (10-15%)
Spoilage by pests
Yellowing
Head rice
Cooking quality
Farmers’ seeds Loss of Germination after a
few months
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Hermetic sealed storage systems
5 t Volcani cube
0
6
12
18
0 20 40 60 80Storage time, days
O 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
%
ClaypotPVC drum lrgPVC drum sml
Principle
• Special plastic - low oxygenpermeability
• Respiration of grains and insectactivity reduce oxygen quickly
• Plastic prevents moistureadsorption
50 kg “Super bag”
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Life insects after 8 months
0
20
40
60
80
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do Jasmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
I n s e c t s
/ k g
initialhermetic
control
• Effectivecontrol overtime
• Nopesticidesneeded
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
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Germination after 8 months
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do Jasmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
G e r m i n a t i o n ( % )
initial
hermetic
control
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
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Higher returns in milling
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do Jasmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
H e a d R i c e
Y i e l d ( % )
initial
hermetic
control
• 8 months ofstorage
• 4 varieties
• Hermetic: IRRIsuper bags
• Control: WovenPVC bags
• Conducted in2005
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
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Other crops: Maize
Myanmar: 5 months of storage with an initial MC of 17% w.b
Source: IRRI-MAS research, Plant Protection Division, Myanmar, 17 May 2005
Conventional bag
Hermetic super bag
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Hermetic bag made in Indonesia(Kantong Semar)
• Supplier: Agri BusinessClub Jakarta
• Cheaper,minimum order10,000 pieces
• Slightly betterperformance
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 7 14 21 28 35
No. of days
O x y g e n
, %
Super bag
Kantong Semar
Source: IRRI, 2005
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Farmer’s benefit, Battambang, Cambodia
• Farmers use 80-90% ownseeds
• Germination drops quickly
• Traditional seed storage:3 bags @ 70kg
• Hermetic storage:o Germination above 90%
o Seed rate reduced by 1/3
o Additional sale of 70 kg =
US$ 9o Investment: US$ 2.00
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Key issues, hermetic storage
• Private sector started to buy hermetic systems
o INO: Seed producers in Java, PT Effem SouthSulawesi
o PHI: Bayer International, local hybrid rice seed
producers
• So far no product champion for farmers’ bags
• No dissemination channels to farmers
(minimum order 5,000-6,000 bags)• How to ensure that users get training?
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Rice milling (in %)
25271715Broken kernels
40384655Head rice
65636370Milled rice
1181110Bran
76757480Brown rice
24242620Husk
CambodiaPhilippinesIndonesiaTheoretical
Yield
Source: IRRI
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Rice Mill Improvement
• Objectiveso Baseline on milling
industryo Improved qualityo Reduced losseso Increased incomes
• Target groups
o Village rice millso Commercial mills
in selectedcountries
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Farmers processing center, Cambodia
• Benefit of drying (higherquality) realized aftermilling (sale of higherquality milled rice)
• Dryer and mill used byfarmers groups
o Less over-milling
o Bran stays with group
o Sale of under-milledrice to health consciousmarkets
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Lessons learned and key issues
• Lessons learned
o Millers can deliver extension and input to farmersif they realize the importance of good quality rawmaterials (MRPTR, Myanmar)
o Organizing farmers groups is beyond our mandateo Financing schemes for investment are essential
• Key issues
o Networking with millers / millers associations
o Partnerships needed for financing schemes,assistance to groups
ADB / JFPR Postharvest Project
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Village market information systems
Village Market, K abupaten Subang - 2004
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
3,200
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Month
R i c e p
r i c e ,
R p
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Extension Service
Info BoardManager
Village market
Capital market
Decision making:
• Where to sell?
• When to sell?
• What quality toproduce?
ADB / JFPR Postharvest Project
ADB/JFPR 9036: Cambodia and VietnamIrrigated Rice Research Consortium
Provincial market
Market info boards
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Lessons learned, key issues
• Lessons learned
o Farmers need to understand the value of marketinfo, then they make decision on salesincreasingly based on market information
o Official information often has to be approved – delays
o Farmers participation important
• Key issues
o How to institutionalize MIS?
o How to finance it?
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Grain Quality Test Kit
Temperature
Moisture content
Milling degree
Head rice, brokens
DimensionsCracks, Insects Weight Volume
• Better understanding of grain quality
• Better decision making in post harvest
management• Affordable, for farmer intermediaries and
processors
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Lessons learned and key issues
• Lessons learned
o Demand for low-cost moisture meter and qualitykit increases (weekly inquiries)
o Local production of MM in Philippines
o “Privatization” of quality kit difficult because ofeconomics of scale, capital requirements for batchpurchase
• Key issueso Support to manufacturers, commercialization
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Capacity building from IRRI
1. Hands-ontraining
2. Trainingmaterialso Fact sheetso Reference
manualso Videos
o Included inRKB
3. E-learning
courses• English• Khmer • (Vietnamese)
Open e-learning prototype
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Summary: Key lessons learned• Capacity bui lding most important component for Myanmar, Lao and Cambodia• Farmers benefit from reducing losses, better quality and the ability to sell later • Users need to understand the benefits before they adopt -> extension is
essential but weak in some countries• Locally produced technologies have higher potential for adaptation to localconditions and therefore sustainable adoption is more likely
• Adapt commercially available technologies to local conditions• A technology champion is essential for successful introduction
• Involvement of the private sector at an early stage is essential forcommercialization• Most successful were technologies were researchers stayed involved in the
commercialization process and helped manufacturers to make themodifications users wanted (linear TOT process chain in some countries)
• Systems approach: Non technical issues need to be addressed (inpartnership with suitable public and private organizations or projects)
o Training of users, marketing of PH technologieso Industrial extension for local production and adaptationo Financing (investment, working capital)o Advise to policy level
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Key questions• How to ensure more participation of farmers and the industry in
technology selection, adaptation and impact assessments?
• How to ensure more and earlier private sector participationo Suppliers: Manufacturers, traders
o Partners: e.g. millers who provide extension
o Financing institutions
• Linking of organizations with postharvest mandate• What is the role of the government in postharvest development?
o Supply of equipment through government programs? Or..
o ..generating favorable frame conditions for the local industry todevelop?
o How can we advise the policy level accordingly?
• How to ensure sufficient allocation of resources?
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Thank You
Major Partners
Agribusiness Club Jakarta, IndonesiaBLSC, VietnamBPRE, PhilippinesBPTBs in Sumbar, Sulsel, Jatim, Sumut, IndonesiaCARDI, CambodiaCRMA, Cambodia
DISIMP, IndonesiaGrainpro Inc., Philippines
Hue UAF, VietnamICAPRD, IndonesiaICRR, IndonesiaMAS-PPD, Myanmar
NAFC, PhilippinesMMRPTA, Myanmar NAFRI, Lao PDRNFA, PhilippinesNLU, VietnamPDA Battambang and Prey Veng, CambodiaPhilRice, PhilippinesProRice, Lao PDRPRPC, PhilippinesSIAEP, VietnamSSFFMP, IndonesiaUPLB, PhilippinesVIAEP, Vietnam
Thank You
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Benefits of PH technologies
Higher incomes from betterquality (markets?)
More returns from village mills
Interest conflict with millersRice millimprovement
Higher incomes from: marketoriented production, storage,
production of better quality
Market
information
Higher head rice recovery (~10%)Less losses to pests and humidity,no deterioration
Hermeticstorage, grains
Safe storage, higher germination,no pesticide needed
Reduced seed rate, more grain tosell, better crop establishment
Hermeticstorage, seeds
Income (s.a.)
Better quality (millers)
Safe storage
Insurance (weather risk), increasedvalue of paddy, safe storage
Mechanizeddrying
Income (machine owners,manufacturers)
Better quality (rice mills)
Reduction of harvesting cost
Physical loss reduction 2-5%
Better quality (no delays)
Mechanized
harvesting
Benefits for commercialsector
Potential benefit for farmersOperation