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Impacts & Adaptation to
Climate Change -
A Sri Lankan Perspective
Senaka Basnayake Senior Meteorologist
Centre for Climate Change Studies (CCCS)Department of Meteorology
Colombo 07Sri Lanka
SICCIA 28th June – 02nd July 2004, Grainau, Germany
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Outline….
Climate & Climate Change of Sri Lanka
Impacts of Climate Change in, Agriculture Water Resources sectors..
Adaptation Measures Taken Scope of the AIACC Project Future Climate Scenarios for Sri Lanka
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South
Asia
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Principal Meteorological Stations
Agrometeorological Stations
Raingauge Stations
MeteorologicalStation
Network
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Climate of Sri Lanka
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Climatological Seasons in Sri Lanka
First Inter-Monsoon (FIM) – March & April
Southwest Monsoon (SWM)- May – September
Second Inter-Monsoon (SIM)- October & November
Northeast Monsoon (NEM) – December - February
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JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVE RAG E M ON T H LY RAIN FALL
( Com puted for the S tandard Averaging period of 1961 - 1990 in m illim eters )
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
D ep a rtm en t o f M eteo ro lo g yL C /1 1 -2 0 0 0
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JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVE RAG E M ON T H LY M E AN T E M P E RAT U RE
( Com puted for the S tandard Averaging period of 196 1 - 1990 in degrees Cels ius )
1 0
1 5
1 8
2 0
2 3
2 5
2 8
3 0
3 3
3 5
4 0
D ep a rtm en t o f M eteo ro lo g ylc /1 1 -2 0 0 0
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Climatic zones of Sri LankaRainfall
below 1,750 mm - Dry zone
1,750 - 2,500 mm - Inter mediate zone
above 2,500 mm - Wet zone
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Agro-Ecological Zones of Sri Lanka
24 agro-ecological zones
49 sub-zones WZ – 16 IZ – 20 DZ - 13
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DL3
DL3
D(L3-L4)
DL4
DL3
DL1
DL4
DL3
D(L2-L4)
DL2
IL3
IM3
IL2
IL1
IM1
IU1
WM3
WM3
WL2
WL3
WM2
WM1
WL4
WU2
IU2IU2
IM2
WU1
WL1
IU3
I(L1-L2)WU1 WU3
WM3&IM2
DL1
I(U2-U3)
WM3
DL5
WM1
WL2
IL1
WU1
IM2
WL2
I(L1-L3)
Jaffna
Mullaittivu
Mannar
Puttalam
Colombo
Kalutara
Galle
Matara
Hambantota
Batticaloa
Trincomalee
Anuradhapura
Vavuniya
Polonnaruwa
Kandy
BadullaNuwaraeliya
Hiniduma
Middeniya
Tissamaharama
Kataragama
Kalawana
Nalanda
Mahiyangana
Welimada
Bandarawela
Haputale
Rangala
Kuliyapitiya
Wariyapola
Veyangoda
Rambukkana
Vanathavillu
Elephant Pass
Kantale
Padiyatalawa
Karadiyan Aru
Watawala
Hatton
Maskeliya
Ginigathhena
Ratnapura
Angunakolapelessa
Negombo
Chilaw
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AGRO ECOLOGICAL MAP
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Observed Climate Changes in Sri Lanka
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Annual rainfall variability in Badulla
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
year
RF
an
om
aly
in m
m
(fro
m 1
961-
1990
)
Annual rainfall variability in Ratnapure
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
year
RF
an
om
aly
in m
m (
fro
m
1961
-199
0)
Rainfall
variability
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Season Coefficient of Variation of all Sri Lanka Rainfall
1931 – 1960 1961 - 1990
Northeast Monsoon (Dec. to Feb.) 31% 42%
First Intermonsoon (Mar. to Apr.) 23% 27%
Southwest Monsoon (May. to Sep.) 21% 16%
Second Intermonsoon (Oct. to Nov) 22% 23%
Annual (Jan. to Dec.) 12% 14%
The Coefficient of Variation of all-Sri Lanka Rainfall during the periods 1931-1960 and 1961-1990,
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Annual minimum air Temperature anomaly trend in Nuwara-Eliya
y = 0.02x - 1.6757
R2 = 0.6888
-2.5-2
-1.5-1
-0.50
0.51
1.5
1901 1909 1917 1925 1933 1941 1949 1957 1965 1973 1981 1989 1997
year
Tm
in A
no
mal
y in
C
(fro
m 1
961-
1990
)
Minimum
Temperature
Trend
Annual minimum air Temperature anomaly Trend in Badulla
y = 0.0089x - 0.677
R2 = 0.4002
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1900 1909 1919 1928 1937 1946 1955 1964 1973 1982 1991 2000
year
Tm
in A
no
mal
y in
C
(fro
m 1
961-
1990
)
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Annual Maximum air Temperature anomaly trend in Puttalam
y = 0.0209x - 1.6402
R2 = 0.6548
-4-3-2-1012
1901
1907
1913
1919
1925
1931
1937
1943
1949
1955
1961
1967
1973
1979
1985
1991
1997
year
Tm
ax A
no
mal
y in
C
(fro
m 1
961-
1990
)
Maximum
Temperature
Trend
Annual Maximum air temperature anomaly Trend in Badulla
y = 0.0151x - 1.2269
R2 = 0.4512
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1900
1907
1915
1922
1929
1936
1943
1950
1957
1964
1971
1978
1985
1992
1999
year
Tm
ax A
no
mal
y in
C
(fro
m 1
961-
1990
)
Rate of change of Annual Mean
Temperature
1.60C / 100 years
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Impacts of Climate Change
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Impacts - Agriculture
Change of Rainfall
Increased Temperature
Sea Level Rise
Through
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In Sri Lanka if T increases by 0.5 0C
rice yield reduction by 5.9 %
Night Temperature (minimum
Temperature)
Potato
tomato
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Pest warmer climate
Pest population enhanced re-production
Disease Bacteria, Virus, Fungi favors hot and humid environment
not dry and hot environment in some regions
more disease occurrence Or may difficult to control
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Weeds 18 worst weeds
out of which 14 are C4 plants can withstand T C3 plants optimum T 15-20 0C C4 plants optimum T 25- 30 0C
Pig weed - C4
3 0C T 240 times increase in biomass
Pest, Disease and Weeds more occurrence reduced yield, high cost of production 2 0C T 30% reduction in crop yield only due to
changes of population dynamics of P, D & W
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Impacts - Water Resources….
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Changes of weather fronts– dry regions become more dry
• drought frequency may increase - delayed SWM and short duration of SWM
• intensity of drought may increase & long dry spells in wet season• marked increase in inter annual, seasonal variability
Increasing evapo-transpiration - high water loss from open water bodies– enhance the drought condition
• minor tank cascades in Sri Lanka high (surface area/depth) ratio hence more vulnerable
Impacts of Rising Temperature…
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Impacts of Changing Rainfall Regime…
– high variability in seasonal rainfall– high variability of monsoons– strong, persistent and frequent El Nino events– Intense rains
strong tendency for above normal rainfall in SIM (Oct-Nov) in El Nino years
- Increased frequency of floods and droughts affect
– agriculture
– water resources
– infrastructure
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• Problem of soil erosion– steep slopes are highly vulnerable– siltation of reservoirs
Polgolla - 44% silted by 1988 (12 years after its commissioning) - now 2.8% per year
Rantambe - 4.3 % per year (by now 54%) – Uma Oya Victoria - 0.0 8% per year Minor tanks - 2.4% per year
- land degradation –marginal landsSoil productivity reduces – Mid country tea landsAverage soil erosion in Upper Mahaweli - 115 mt/ha/yr
soil formation 1cm 100 - 400 years
Changing Rainfall Regime…
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Changing Rainfall Regime…
High intense rains if daily RF exceeds 200 mm/day
high probability for land slides in prone areas
NBRO estimates 12,500 ha are vulnerable to land slides
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Digging for Water, Hambantota Dec 2001Source: Dept of Social Service
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A victim of Hambantota Drought December 2001
Source: Dept of Social Services
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Faith of Coconut Trees in Hambantiota December 2001Source: Dept of social service
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Impacts of Sea Level Rise...
• In the coastal zone of Sri Lanka– Approx. 24% of the land area and 32% of the population– 65% of urbanized land area– 80% tourism– 65 % industrial out put– commercial ports and fishery harbors – principal road and rail infrastructure– Important eco-systems
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Adaptation Measures Taken
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Agriculture
Some of the measures have already been introduced to meet either the drought conditions or the salt water intrusion faced by the country from time to time. Among these measures are:
The Department of Agriculture has undertaken a programme to breed saline resistant rice varieties as an adaptation measure.
The Tea Research Institute (TRI) has been experimenting with covering the tea planted area with mulch to reduce loss of moisture.
The Coconut Research Institute (CRI) and TRI have introduced drought resistant varieties for planting in drought prone areas.
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Water ResourcesThe relevant authorities have already been taking some of the measures to face the shortage of water/slat water intrusion during drought conditions. Among these are:
Planning the construction of a salt water barrier in Kelani River down stream of Ambatale water intake.
Introduction of a new Water Resources Management Policy and an Act of Parliament to encourage the rationale use of water and to dispel the concept of water as a free good.
Popularizing the use of rain water harvesting, particularly in the dry zone.
Introduction of several water shed management programmes executed by the Ministry of Forestry.
Introduction of the issuing of Environment Protection Licence as a mandatory measure to industries that conform to effluent standards.
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Energy
The Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) has introduced several measures such as:
Building thermal power plants to reduce the dependence on hydropower as the main source of electricity.
Introducing a scheme to purchase electricity generated from small hydropower plants, wind energy farms and solar photo-electricity plants.
Introduction of a demand side management scheme to encourage efficient use of lighting and air-conditioning.
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Coastal Zone
The Coast Conservation Department (CCD) has already adopted a Coastal Zone Management Plan as early as 1990 and updated in 1995 to protect the coastal zone from such natural phenomena as coastal erosion and storm activity as well as human activities.
Out of a total shore line of 1585 km, about 270-380 km are only erosion prone. Some of the measures mentioned above such as building of revetments and groynes have been implemented to protect this shore length from erosion. Regulations have also been brought in to prevent development work within 300 km of shore line, breaking of corals and sand mining.
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On going Adaptation Studies ..
AIACC in the Coconut and tea Sectors in Sri Lanka (AS – 12)
Ministry of Environment Programme A grant from GEF, through UNDP to
undertake climate change studies including adaptation studies.
Out of 40 proposals received, 11 were for adaptation studies, 18 for vulnerability studies and 11 for mitigation studies. Out of these only 21 were selected for funding.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE (AIACC) IN THE COCONUT AND TEA SECTORS IN SRI
LANKA
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Coconut Research Institute (CRI) Tea Research Institute (TRI) Meteorology Department (MET) Natural Resources Management Services
(NRMS)
Managed by
Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science (SLAAS)
Participating Organizations
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Tea Plantations in Sri Lanka
ITEM QUANTITY UNIT
TOTAL EXTENT 180,000 ha
EXTENT AS A PC OF TOTAL LAND 2.77 %
REPLANTING 1,085 ha
NEW PLANTING 263 ha
TOTAL PRODUCTION 306,000 tonnes
High Grown 84,000 tonnes
Medium Grown 56,000 tonnes
Low Grown 166,000 tonnes
PRODUCTION EXPORTED 288,000 tonnes
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION 18,000 tonnes
COST OF PRODUCTION 110 Rs/kg
EXPORT EARNINGS 700,000,000 US$
VALUE ADDED AS A PC OF GDP 2.6 %
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Global Tea Production 2001Country Extent
kha
% Production
kt
%
China 1,141 44 695 23
India 509 19 854 28
Sri Lanka 189 7 295 10
Kenya 132 5 294 10
Indonesia 161 6 169 6
Other 487 19 705 23
Total 2,619 100 3,012 100
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COCONUT PLANTATIONSITEM QUANTITY Units
TOTAL EXTENT 439,000 ha
EXTENT AS A PC OF TOTAL LAND 6.75 %
REPLANTING 714 ha
NEW PLANTING 834 ha
TOTAL NUT PRODUCTION 3,055 million
DESSICATED COCONUT 89,000 tonnes
COCONUT OIL 44,000 tonnes
COPRA 14,500 tonnes
FRESH NUTS EXPORTED 29 million
DOMESTIC NUT CONSUMPTION 1,832 million
COST OF PRODUCTION 3.27 Rs/nut
EXPORT EARNINGS 121,000,000 US$
VALUE ADDED AS A PC OF GDP 2.2 %
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Global Coconut Production 2001Country Extent kha % Production
M.nuts%
Indonesia 3,691 31 15,160 27
Philippines 3,120 26 13,208 24
India 1,840 16 12,597 23
Sri Lanka 442 4 2,279 4
Thailand 326 3 1,117 2
Vietnam 165 1 936 2
Malaysia 226 2 563 1
Others 2,035 17 9,977 17
Total 11,845 100 55,837 100
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Factors affecting crops
According to previous climatological studies;RainfallTemperatureEvapo-transpirationRelative HumiditySolar Radiation
are identified as the major climate variables that influence the yield when other external factors (fertility, management, pest & diseases) are non-limiting
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OBJECTIVES
Project the climate change scenarios in the coconut and tea growing areas based on the global circulation model results down-scaled to Sri Lanka.
Assess the impacts of climate change on productivity of tea and coconut and socio economic status of the people within the plantation sector.
Identify adaptation options and assess their feasibility of implementation
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OBJECTIVES contd.
Build capacity of natural and social scientists engaged in plantation research for undertaking assessment studies incorporating impacts, vulnerability and adaptation.
Train scientists to prepare proposals for seeking funds
in meeting costs of adaptation to adverse effects of climate change as provided in Article 4 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992).
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Downscaling of future climate scenarios for Sri Lanka
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Need for Downscaling
Since Sri Lanka is an Island
Resolution power of the grid points of the GCMs are not sufficient enough
High diversity of altitude from sea level within short distance
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Downscaling Tools
GCM Based Statistical Downscaling is used
SimCLIM Software - developed by IGCI, University of Waikato, New Zealand
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Baseline Climatology
ANUSPLIN Software – developed by Australian National University (ANU) is used to spatially interpolate the rainfall and temperature fields with terrain effect
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1961-1990 Baseline average Rainfall in January
1961-1990 Baseline average Rainfall in June
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1961-1990 Baseline average Mean Temperature in January
1961-1990 Baseline average Mean Temperature in June
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General Circulation Model
HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Model)
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Rainfall Scenarios under
A2 Storyline
GCM - HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Model)
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January Rainfall in 2025
Under A2 Storyline
June Rainfall in 2025
Under A2 Storyline
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June Rainfall in 2050 Under A2 Storyline
January Rainfall in 2050 Under A2 Storyline
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Rainfall Scenarios under
B1 Storyline
GCM - HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Model)
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June Rainfall in 2025 Under B1 Storyline
January Rainfall in 2025 Under B1 Storyline
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June Rainfall in 2050 Under B1 Storyline
January Rainfall in 2050 Under B1 Storyline
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Mean Temperature Scenarios
under A2 Storyline
GCM - HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Model)
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June Mean Temperature in 2025 Under A2 storyline
January Mean Temperature in 2025 Under A2 storyline
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June Mean Temperature in 2050Under A2 storyline
January Mean Temperature in 2050Under A2 storyline
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Mean Temperature Scenarios
under B1 Storyline
GCM - HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Model)
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June Mean Temperature in 2025Under B1 storyline
January Mean Temperature in 2025Under B1 storyline
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June Mean Temperature in 2050Under B1 storyline
January Mean Temperature in 2050Under B1 storyline
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Conclusions It is revealed that:
January (Northeast monsoon) rainfall is projected to decline in both A2 and B1 scenarios with higher gradient in A2.
June (Southwest monsoon) rainfall is projected to increase in both A2 and B1 scenarios with higher gradient in A2
Mean Temperatures are projected to increase in both scenarios
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Conclusions contd..
(From the Preliminary results) In coconut sector,
the model predicted that the crop in the intermediate wet zone is less vulnerable to climate change than elsewhere.
In tea sector, Under the B1 scenario, model predicted that
tea yield at low elevations is adversely affected while at high elevation, it is favored by climatic change.
However, under the A2 scenario, model predicted higher yields for both low and high elevation.
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Acknowledgement
AIACC Project of Sri Lanka (AS – 12)
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Thank you !!!
Let’s get together to control Global Warming