Download - Imaging in Phakomatoses
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PHAKOMATOSES
By : Dr.Nikhil Mehta
Moderator : Dr.H.R.Nagrale
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• The term is derived from the Greek root phako, which refers to the lens; phakomatosis thus means a tumor-like condition of the eye (lens)
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Definition
Definition Exception
Phakos, oma, osis.Van der Hoeve in 1921
Sturge Weber syndrome (no neoplastic component)
Neuro-cutaneoussyndromes.Yakovlev and Guthrie in 1931
Von Hippel Lindau disease (no cutaneous manifestation)
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COMMON
1. NF1
2. NF2
3. Tuberous sclerosis
4. Sturge-Weber Syndrome
5. Von Hipple Lindau disease
UNCOMMON
1. Li-fraumeni syndrome
2. Cowden syndrome
3. Basal cell naevus syndrome
4. Proteus syndrome
5. Klipple trenaunay
6. Ataxia telangiectasia
7. Meningio-angiomatosis
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Neurofibromatosis
Autosomal dominant
• NF1- mutation of the NF1 gene on chromosome Ch 17,
• NF 2 -mutation of the NF2 gene on chromosomeCh 22
NF 1 presents in children & NF2 at a later
age.
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• Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) also known as von Recklinghausen disease.
• When extreme, NF1 can be highly disfiguring and is sometimes dubbed "elephantiasis neuromatosa" or "elephant man disease."
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Cutaneous NF
Café au laitspots
Lisch
nodules
Plexiformneurofibromas
Axillaryfreckling
Molloscumfibrosum
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Café au lait spots
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Lisch nodules
• Melanocytic hamartoma of the iris.
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Plexiform neurofibroma
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Axillary freckling
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Molluscum fibrosum
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NF1: IMAGING
• Scalp/Skull, Meninges, and Orbit– Cutaneous scalp, plexiform NFs
• Solitary/multifocal scalp nodules• PNFs infiltrate and may extend into cavernous sinus
– Sphenoid wing dysplasia• Hypoplasia → enlarged orbital fissure• Enlarged middle fossa • Temporal lobe may protrude into orbit
– Dural ectasia• Tortuous optic nerve sheath• Patulous Meckel caves• Enlarged IACs
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Cutaneous Neurofibromas
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PFN: "Target" sign (bright with central collagen dot) o PFN, NF and ONG have variable T2 signal which may inc or dec with time
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Neurofibromas
Localized
Fusiform
Plexiform
Rope likeBag of
worm like
Diffuse
Plaque like
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Sphenoid wing dysplasia
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• Brain– Hyperintense T2/FLAIR WM foci
• Wax in first decade, then wane• Rare in adults
– Astrocytomas• Most common: Pilocytic• Optic pathway > hypothalamus > brainstem• Malignant astrocytoma (anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma
multiforme) less common
• Arteries– Progressive ICA stenosis → moyamoya– Fusiform ectasias, AVFs
• Vertebral > carotid
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These foci of abnormal signal (FASIs) are seen in 70% of children with NF1.
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Optic glioma
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Arterial
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Moya moya
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Thoracic NF
Mediastinal masses
Neurofibroma
Lateral thoracic meningocele
Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma
Lung parenchymaldisease
Intersitial fibrosis
Bullae
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Skeletal NF
Skull
Sphenoid wing dysplasia
Enlarged neural foramina
Lambdoid suture defects
Spine
Posterior vertebral scalloping
Scoliosis
Rib
Rib notching
Ribbon ribs
Long bones
Pseudoarthrosis
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NF1: DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL FEATURES (AT LEAST TWO REQUIRED)
• Cutaneous Lesions– ≥ 6 café au lait spots (earliest manifestation)
• Prepubertal: ≥ 0.5 cm• Postpubertal: ≥ 1.5 cm
– Freckling of armpits or groin– ≥ 2 neurofibromas (any type)– 1 plexiform neurofibroma
• Eye Abnormalities– ≥ 2 Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas)– Optic pathway pilocytic astrocytoma
• DistinctiveBone Lesion– Sphenoid dysplasia/absence– Long bone cortex dysplasia/thinning
• Family History– First-degree relative with NF1
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NF2
• NF2 is also known as neurofibromatosis with bilateral vestibular ("acoustic") schwannomas. Historically, NF2 was termed central neurofibromatosis (to distinguish it from so-called peripheral neurofibromatosis, i.e., NF1)
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Pathology
• The most common NF2-related schwannomas are vestibular schwannomas (VSs) .
• Meningiomas occur in approximately half of all patients with NF2 and can be found anywhere in the skull and spine. The most frequent sites are along the falx and cerebral convexities.
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NF2: DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL FEATURES
• Definite NF2– Bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs)– First-degree relative with NF2 and unilateral VS younger than 30 years of age– Or first-degree relative with NF2 and 2 of the following
• Meningioma• Glioma• Schwannoma• Juvenile posterior subcapsular lenticular opacities or cataracts
• Probable NF2– Unilateral VS younger than 30 years of age and 1 of the following
• Meningioma• Glioma• Schwannoma• Juvenile posterior subcapsular lenticular opacities or cataracts
– ≥ 2 meningiomas and 1 of the following• 1 VS younger than 30 years of age• 1 meningioma, glioma, schwannoma, or lens opacity
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Vestibular Schwannoma
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Meningiomas
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Scwanommas
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Ependymomas
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NF1 NF2
• Common (90% of all NF cases)• Chromosome 17 mutations• Almost always diagnosed by age 10
• Cutaneous lesions common (> 95%)Café au lait spotsLisch nodulesCutaneous NFs (often multiple)Plexiform NFs (pathognomonic)
• CNS lesions less common (15-20%)T2/FLAIR hyperintensities (myelin vacuolization; lesions wax, then wane)Astrocytomas (optic pathway gliomas—usually pilocytic—other gliomas)Sphenoid wing, dural dysplasiasMoyamoyaNeurofibromas of spinal nerve roots
• Much less common (10% of all NF cases)• Chromosome 22 mutations• Usually diagnosed in second to fourth
decades
• Cutaneous, eye lesions less prominentMild/few café au lait spotsJuvenile subcapsular opacities
• CNS lesions in 100%Bilateral vestibular schwannomas(almost all)Nonvestibular schwannomas (50%)Meningiomas (50%)Cord ependymomas (often multiple)Schwannomas of spinal nerve roots
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Tuberous sclerosis
• The name, composed of the Latin tuber (swelling) and the Greek skleros (hard), refers to the pathological finding of thick, firm and pale gyri, called "tubers" in the brains of postmortem patients.
• These tubers were first described by Désiré-Magloire Bourneville in 1880; the cortical manifestations may sometimes still be known by the eponym Bourneville's disease.
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• Tuberous sclerosis complex is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by the formation of nonmalignant hamartomasand neoplastic lesions in the brain, heart, skin, kidney, lung, and other organs.
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Tuberous sclerosis
Etiology:
• 50 % autosomal dominant inheritence.
• 50 % spontaneous mutation.
Genetics
• Defects in TSC1 gene on chromosome
9(hamartin) & TSC 2 gene on chromosome
16(tuberin).
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Tuberous sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis Complex
Seizures Adenomasebaceum
Mental retardation
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Fits
ZitsNitwits
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CutaneousTS
Adenoma sebaceum
Ash leaf spots
Shagreenpatch
Confetti lesions
Periangualfibroma
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Adenoma sebaceum
Facial angiofibromas
• Small erythematous papules
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Ash leaf spots
• Hypo-pigmentd macule
الدردار
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Shagreen patch
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Confetti lesions
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Periangual fibroma
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Neurological TS
Cortical & subcortical
tubers
White matter lesions
Subependymalnodules
SGCA
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CORTICAL TUBERS
• Cortical tubers are firm, whitish, pyramid-shaped, elevated areas of smooth gyral thickening, with or without central depressions, that grossly resemble potatoes ("tubers").
SUBEPENDYMAL NODULES
• Subependymal nodules (SENs) are located immediately beneath the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles, along the course of the caudate nucleus.
• SENs appear as elevated, rounded, hamartomatous lesions that grossly resemble candle guttering or drippings. They often calcify with increasing age.
WHITE MATTER LESIONS
• White matter (WM) lesions are almost universal in patients with TSC. They appear as foci of bizarre dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells in the subcortical WM and/or fine radial lines extending outward from the lateral ventricles.
SUBEPENDYMAL GIANT CELL ASTROCYTOMA
• Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA)—also known as subependymalgiant cell tumor—is seen almost exclusively in the setting of TSC. Grossly, SEGAs appear as well-circumscribed solid intraventricular masses located near the foramen of Monro
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Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
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Cortical Tubers
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• In infants, tubers appear as thickened hyperintense cortex compared to the underlying unmyelinated WM on T1WI and become moderately hypointense on T2WI.
• Signal intensity changes after myelin maturation.
• Tubers gradually become more isointense relative to cortex on T1WI.
• In older children on T2/FLAIR the periphery of the expanded gyrus is isointense with cortex while the deeper component is strikingly hyperintense.
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White matter lesions
Location:
• Along lines of neuronal migration
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SGCA
large enhancing nodule at the foramen of Monro.
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• TSC: DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL FEATURES• Diagnosis
– Definite TSC• 2 major features or 1 major + 2 minor
– Probable TSC• 1 major + 1 minor feature
– Possible TSC• 1 major or ≥ 2 minor features
• Major Features– Identified clinically
• ≥ 3 hypomelanotic ("ash leaf") macules (97%)• Facial angiofibromas (75%) or forehead
plaque (15-20%)• Shagreen patch (45-50%)• Ungual/periungual fibroma (15%)• Multiple retinal hamartomas (15%)
– Identified on imaging• Subependymal nodules (98%)• Cortical tubers (95%)• Cardiac rhabdomyoma (50%)• Renal angiomyolipoma (50%)• Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (15%)• Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (1-3%)
Minor FeaturesIdentified clinically
Gingival fibromas (70%)Affected first-degree relative (50%)Pitting of dental enamel (30%)Retinal achromic patch (35%)Confetti-like skin macules (2-3%)
Identified on imagingWM hamartomas, radial migration lines (100%)Hamartomatous rectal polyps (70-80%)Nonrenal hamartomas (40-50%)Bone cysts (40%)Renal cysts (10-20%)
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DD of tuberous sclerosis
DD of subependymalnodules
Non clacified Subependymal heterotopia
Calcified TORCH
DD of cortical tubers Focal cortical dysplasia
DD of SGCA Foramen of Monro masses
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Subependymal nodules Subependymal hetertopia
Rounded or oval with their
long axis perpendicular the
ventricular wall.
Oval with their long axis
parallel to the ventricular
wall.
Variable. Iso-intense to grey matter
on all pulse sequences
May be calcified. Never calcified.
May be enhancing. No enhancement
DD of subpendymal nodules
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Subependymal
nodules
Subependymal heterotopia
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CMV TS
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Abdominal TS
Renal
AML
Cysts
RCC
Oncocytoma
Retroperitoneal LAM
GIT polyps
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ThoracicTS
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Cardiac rhabdomyomas
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Skeletal TS
Sclerotic bone lesions
Hyperostosis of inner table of the calvarium
Scolosis Bone cysts
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AML
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Cardiac rhabdomyomas
• Multiple hyperechoic masses
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Sturge-Weber syndrome
• also known as encephalo-trigeminal angiomatosis. Its hallmarks are variable combinations of
• (1) a capillary malformation of the skin in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve,
• (2) retinal choroidal angioma (either with or without glaucoma)
• (3) a cerebral capillary-venous leptomeningeal angioma
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• Sturge-Weber is an embryonal developmental anomaly resulting from errors in mesodermal and ectodermal development.
• Unlike other neurocutaneous disorders (phakomatoses), Sturge-Weber occurs sporadically
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STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
Etiology• At four or five weeks of gestation, the visual cortex is
juxtaposed to the optic vesicle and the upper part of the embryonic face.
• During this period, a primordial venous plexus surrounds the neural tube and invades the adjacent fetal brain, skin, and eye.
• Somatic mutation results in persistence of primitive veins, lack of definitive cortical veins.
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• Pathology
– Pial ("leptomeningeal") angioma
– Cortical venous ischemia, atrophy
– Parietooccipital > frontal
• Clinical findings
– Unilateral facial nevus flammeus ("port-wine stain")
– Usual cutaneous distribution = CN V1₁, V₂ > V₃
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Port wine stain (Portuguese wine)
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Pial angiomatosis
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Imaging
– CT: Atrophic cortex
• Cortical Ca++ (not in angioma!) ↑ with age
• thick Ipsilateral calvaria, sinuses enlarged
– MR: Cortical/subcortical hypointensity on T2
• Ca++ "blooms" on T2*GRE
• Pial angioma enhances
• Ipsilateral choroid plexus enlarged
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Von Hippel Lindau disease
• von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is also known as von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and familial cerebello-retinal angiomatosis.
• The German ophthalmologist Eugen von Hippel first described angiomas in the eye in 1904. Arvid Lindau described the angiomas of the cerebellum and spine in 1927
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VHL: GENETICS
• Autosomal dominant inheritence 80%.
• Defect in VHL gene on chromosome 3.
• Type 1 VHL– Truncating/axon deletion mutations of VHL– Low risk of pheochromocytoma
• Type 2 VHL– Missense VHL mutations– High risk of pheochromocytoma– Subtypes
• Type 2A (low risk of renal cell carcinoma)• Type 2B (high risk of renal cell carcinoma)• Type 2C (familial pheochromocytoma, no hemangioblastoma, no renal
cell carcinoma)
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Von Hipple Lindau disease
CNS
Hemangioblastoma
Cerebellar
Spinal
Retinal
Choroid plexus papilloma
Endolymphatic sac tumor
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VHL: IMAGING
• Multiple Hemangioblastomas– 2/3 cystic, 1/3 solid– Nodule abuts pia– 50% in cord (dorsal > ventral surface)
• Retinal Angiomas– Hemorrhagic retinal detachment– tiny HGBLs appearing as enhancing "dots”
• Uni- or Bilateral Endolymphatic Sac Tumors– Infiltrative, lytic, intratumoral bone spicules– T1 iso/hyper; T2 hyper; strong enhancement– Location: Dorsal Temporal bone between IAC, sigmoid
sinus
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Infratentorial Hemangioblastomas
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Pilocytic astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma
Age: childrenAge: young adults
Tumor nodule: lack
vascular flow voids
Tumor nodule: show
vascular flow voids
Tumor nodule often
doesn’t abut pial or
ependymal surface.
Tumor nodule abuts
the pial or ependymal
surface
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SUPRATENTORIAL HEMANGIOBLASTOMA
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EndoLymphtaic Sac Tumor
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EndoLymphtaic Sac Tumor
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Von Hipple Lindau disease
Abdomen
Pancreas
Cysts
Microcystic adneoma
Islet cell tumor
Adenocarcinoma
Renal
Cysts
AML
RCC
Adrenal
Pheochromocytoma
Liver
Cysts
Epididymis
Papillary cystadenoma
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• ~ 45% of those with vHL develop
haemangioblastomas
• ~ 20% of those with haemangioblastoma
have vHL
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• Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is also known as the sarcoma family syndrome of Li and Fraumeni. LFS is an autosomal dominant familial tumor syndrome characterized by a spectrum of malignant neoplasms.
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LI-FRAUMENI SYNDROME (LFS)
Histologically, LFS-associated neoplasms are indistinguishable from their sporadic
CNS tumors
common
Astrocytoma
gliosarcomaChoroid plexus
tumors
medulloblastoma
PNET
Rare
Ependymoma
oligodendroglioma
meningioma
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• Cowden syndrome (CS) is also known as multiple hamartoma-neoplasia syndrome.
• CS involves hamartomatous overgrowth of tissues of all three embryonic origins.
• The classic brain hamartoma is dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum, also known as Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD). If CS and LDD occur together, the disorder is known as COLD (Cowden-Lhermitte-Duclos syndrome).
• COLD is considered a new phakomatosis.
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COWDEN SYNDROME: DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL FEATURES
• Pathognomonic Criteria
– Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma(LD) and
– Characteristic mucocutaneous lesions• Papillomatous lesions
• Facial trichilemmomas
• Acral keratoses
• Major Criteria
– Breast cancer
– Thyroid cancer (* follicular)
– Endometrial cancer
– Macrocephaly
• Minor CriteriaMental retardationGI polypsFibrocystic breast diseaseLipomasFibromasGU tumors (especially renal cell carcinoma)Genitourinary structural malformationsUterine fibroids
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