IEC work for Energy Efficiency
2
Tools to overcome barriers
Many energy efficient technologies and
solutions are readily available and cost-
effective; nevertheless, a variety of
barriers inhibits the deployment of these
technologies and impedes harvesting their
energy efficiency potential.
Standardization, together with testing and
certification can play an important role
to help overcome these barriers and to
disseminate and promote energy efficient
technologies, solutions and services. @ D
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What is energy efficiency
The IEC defines energy efficiency as the ratio
or other quantitative relationship between
an output of performance, service goods or
energy, and an input of energy.
Energy efficiency can be achieved in several
ways:
1. Use less energy to achieve the same
outcome = higher efficiency
2. Use same amount of energy to achieve
a better outcome = higher efficiency
3. Improve the conversion of primary
energy1 into usable energy, including
electricity through the use of more
efficient technologies = reduce waste
(of primary energy)
Why is energy efficiency important?—
Energy efficiency is the biggest untapped
energy source in the world.
According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA) energy efficiency is the largest
“fuel” before all fossil and renewable
energy sources combined. In the face of
rising energy demand and a need to limit
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy
efficiency has become a pillar of the
global development goals. Recognizing the
importance of energy efficiency in achieving
sustainability goals reflects a paradigm shift
since both the supply and the demand side
are taken equally into consideration. Energy
efficiency is no longer “measured and valued
only as the negative quantity of energy not
used.”
However, much still remains to be
accomplished: IEA projections to 2035 show
that as much as two-thirds of the energy
efficiency potential are likely to remain
untapped. A major issue is that energy
efficiency is invisible, it represents energy
NOT used. Public and private stakeholders
don’t always understand the value of energy
efficiency and instead focus on investments
in energy generation.
Benefits of energy efficiency improvements—
Traditionally energy efficiency was simply
viewed as delivering energy savings in
the form of reductions in energy demand.
However, energy efficiency improvements
provide a much wider range of benefits,
including for example a reduction in GHG
emissions, increased energy security, better
health and well-being through lower air
pollution, positive impact on public budgets
and disposable incomes and much more.
In countries with near universal electricity
access, improved industrial productivity
may be the main driver for energy efficiency.
Many developing countries with low
electricity access can provide power to
more people without the need to expand the
existing infrastructure. Energy efficiency also
supports economic growth and reduces fuel
import bills. Increased efficiency can reduce
the per capita electricity cost for lighting,
refrigeration and other services and helps
lower pollution levels.
Primary energy includes all fossil fuels, biomass, geothermal and renewables. 1
4
The IEA has published a document that
captures the mutliple benefits of energy
efficiency (http://bit.ly/2n9NvD1).
Principal barriers to energy efficiency—
Despite the many identified benefits of
energy efficiency, many barriers remain to
its wide adoption. Those include for example:
lack of awareness of the savings
potential
inadequate information about
performance efficiency
lack of widely used metrics for
performance efficiency
focus on the performance of individual
components rather than the energy
yield or consumption of complete
systems
perceived low rate of return on
investment (lack of systems approach)
tendency to focus on lowest initial cost
rather than life cycle cost
split incentives – user is not the payer
Standardization can play an important role in
overcoming some of these barriers. Energy
efficiency aspects related to definitions,
measurement of performance and
assessment of energy efficiency are typical
domains of standardization.
Where and how do International Standards and testing come into play?—
Setting the baselineTo improve energy efficiency outcomes,
one needs to measure the consumption
of a device, system or process in order to
establish the baseline. This is achieved
through measurements, data collection and
analysis as well as testing and verification.
To achieve meaningful, comparable and
reportable results, a well-defined set of
criteria, calculation methods and metrics
is indispensable such as can be found in
standards.
From individual initiatives to built-in efficienciesEnergy efficiency improvements can be
achieved by modifying social behaviour or by
applying technology solutions.
While consumers often care about energy
efficiency outcomes, they generally rely
on others, for example manufacturers or
distributors to deliver better, more efficient
products or systems. Therefore, the most
efficient energy preservation measures are
those that are directly built into processes,
devices and systems.
From measurement to improvementMeasuring performance is just the first
step in achieving better energy efficiency
outcomes. As the first IEC President, Lord
Kelvin said:
If you can’t measure it,you can’t improve it
In general, the IEC doesn’t specify minimum
energy efficiency values, however IEC
publications support testing and certification
including for example: labelling, energy
efficiency classes or classifications, etc.
The table on page 5 explains the different
steps that need to be looked at to define,
measure, assess, improve and enable
energy efficiency. Many of these topics are
covered by IEC work.
Reliable, consistent, reproducible, comparableThe metrics, methodologies and processes in
IEC International Standards are defined with
the help of many thousand experts from all
around the world. They deliver the technical
foundation that allows for energy efficiency
to become measurable, comparable and
reportable; consistently, time after time.
IEC Standards also form the basis for testing
and certification. They are indispensable
in the comparison of the energy efficiency
of devices from different manufacturers.
IEC Standards are accepted nearly
everywhere and aim to take into account the
needs of every country in the world.
Conformity Assessment: from promise to realityIEC International Standards are used
by thousands of testing laboratories, all
around the world, to test and certify the
energy efficiency of all types of electrical
and electronic devices and systems. Many
of these laboratories also participate in the
IEC Conformity Assessment Systems.
Laws and regulations—
State-of-the art regulations often incorporate
IEC International Standards in policies and
laws that cover energy efficiency. Energy
labelling programmes such as Energy Star
directly count on manufacturers to apply
IEC International Standards when they build
their products.
71% of European electrical and electronic
standards are identical to IEC International
Standards and are imbedded in European
regulations. A new agreement between the
IEC and its European counterpart aims to
bring this harmonization to 90% or more.
71%
European electrical and electronic standards=
IEC International Standards
‘
5
Energy efficiency aspect categories Energy efficiency aspect
Define energy efficiency Define terminology
Define system boundaries (including the scope for energy efficiency)
Define energy efficiency key performance indicators (EE KPIs)
Define energy baseline
Define driving parameters (adjustment factors, static factors)
Define reference applications
Define reference load profiles
Define reference control strategies
Measure energy efficiency Define test methods
Define measurements methods
Define measurements plans
Define calculation methods
Define classes
Assess energy efficiency Energy audits
Benchmarking methods
Energy efficiency investment evaluation
Improve energy efficiency Energy management system
Design criteria guidelines
Develop application guidelines
Apply best practices
Reduce overall losses
Reduce standby losses
Enable energy efficiency Interoperability
Communication
Standardized data format
Qualification of energy efficiency services
Measurement infrastructure
6
IEC work for energy efficiency
The IEC doesn’t offer a single suite of
Standards that covers energy efficiency
as a whole. Instead dozens of technical
committees and hundreds of IEC
International Standards apply energy
efficiency considerations to every aspect
of electricity generation, distribution and its
use by billions of devices and systems. IEC
work supports the roll-out of more energy
efficient technologies including those that
make better use of primary energy and help
reduce overall energy waste. The 20 000
experts who work in the IEC at the global
level continuously update and improve
IEC International Standards and with them
the efficiency of all relevant devices and
systems.
Better outcomes—
IEC work for energy efficiency helps improve
industrial productivity in a number of
areas. For example, during the innovation
process, IEC International Standards allow
companies and research laboratories
to assess incremental gains in energy
efficiency compared to competitive devices
and systems that are already installed and
available in the market place.
The whole wind industry measures the
performance of wind turbines based
on the criteria that are described in IEC
International Standards. Regulators, insurers
and investors know exactly what to expect
from a new turbine: how it will perform at
different wind speeds that are classified in
IEC Standards; their endurance in terms
of abrasion rates; how much power it is
expected to deliver depending on where it is
installed. The performance of new designs
can directly be compared with existing
designs and installations.
IEC International Standards are also
essential in uprating and upgrading outdated
installations since they provide the necessary
and internationally recognized metrics and
guidelines to improve performance. For
example, they provide the technical basis for
the refurbishment of hydro installations with
more efficient hydraulic turbines. Engineers
learn how to proceed and what mistakes to
avoid during installation, maintenance and
repair.
Quality and risk management—
IEC International Standards not only focus on
efficiency, they are also essential for quality
and risk management. For this very reason,
tenders by the World Bank often contain
references and obligations with regard to
them.
7
Higher efficiency through a systems approach
Improving the efficiency of individual
devices is just one way of improving energy
outcomes. A systems approach to energy
efficiency management supported by IEC
International Standards can go much further.
It considers the energy performance of the
combined efficiency of many individual
components within the boundaries of a
system. Generally, the efficiency gains of
a system are much higher than that of its
individual parts.
A concrete example— An automotive parts manufacturer in Japan
had optimized energy efficiency for a whole
series of individual manufacturing processes
in the machining, paint and cleaning
departments.
By addressing the three units in a single
system the manufacturer was ultimately
able to reduce energy consumption by
an impressive additional 80%. This was
achieved by replacing a boiler with a heat
exchanger, thus benefiting from heat
generated by machining for the cooling of
parts.
This example demonstrates that equipment
replacement in combination with drastic
process changes can achieve fundamental
energy efficiency improvements in a systems
approach.
This systems approach is also applied in
the IEC. Closer collaboration between many
different technical committees leads to new
types of Standards that allow for improved
integration of different technologies.
8
Areas offering biggest potentialHere a non-exhaustive overview of IEC work
for some of the areas that offer the biggest
potential for energy savings and increased
efficiency.
9
Energy generation
Energy generation is the first stop on the way
to increased energy efficiency and energy
savings. How much primary energy can be
converted into usable electricity is directly
dependent on which generation technology
is selected.
Hydropower and other renewable energy sources—
Hydropower is acknowledged to be the most
efficient source of electricity.
Modern hydro turbines can convert 90% of
all available primary energy into electricity. In
opposition, the burning of fossil fuels results
in the waste of at least half of the primary
energy input even with the best technologies.
In older plants energy conversion is as low
as 30% that means: 2/3 of coal or oil goes
to waste.
Hydropower represents 85% of all renewable
energy, is instantly available and highly
useful for the integration of intermittent
renewable energy, such as wind or solar PV.
IEC International Standards provide
the technical foundation, including the
measurement and rating methodologies
for hydro, wind, solar PV and solar thermal
power plants, geothermal and wave energy
systems. The IEC also provides International
Standards for electricity generation in fossil
fuel and nuclear power plants.
Storing electricity for later use—
Energy storage is an important component
of energy efficiency projects. It is essential
to allow us to take full advantage of when
the wind blows and the sun shines. By
storing electricity for later use we can
largely eliminate the need for expensive
(and polluting) generators and idling power
plants. Energy storage is essential for
controlling power quality and regulating
fluctuating power demand. Last but not
least, energy storage is also an essential
ingredient in so-called microgrids and off-
grid rural electrification.
Electricity off-grid —
The IEC is a partner of the UN Sustainable
Energy for All initiative. In this context IEC
work supports the design of decentralized
rural electrification systems that supply
electricity for sites which are not
connected to an electricity network. In rural
electrification projects, energy generation
from renewables in combination with solar
lights and some form of energy storage
can significantly improve overall energy
efficiency and help populations make better
use of often expensive primary energy as
well as reduce pollution.
For further details, please consult IEC work
for rural electrification http://go.iec.ch/rural.
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IEC Standard Description
IEC TS 62600 series Power performance assessment of wave, tidal and other water current converters
Marine
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60834 series Performance of teleprotection equipment of power systems
IEC 60870-4 Performance of telecontrol equipment and systems
IEC TS 61970 series Energy management system
Power generation (other)
IEC Standard Description
IEC 61400 series Power performance of wind turbines
Wind
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60622 Rechargeable cells and batteries
IEC 60896 series Stationary batteries
IEC 61427 series Cells and batteries for renewable energy storage
IEC 62282 series Fuel cell technologies
IEC 62620 Rechargeable cells and batteries for industrial applications
IEC 62660 series Rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles
IEC 62933 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems (to be published)
Electricity storage
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60041 Performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbine
IEC 62097 Performance conversion methods for radial and axial hydraulic machines
IEC 62256 Rehabilitation and performance improvement for hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and
pump-turbines
Hydropower
IEC Standard Description
IEC 61724 Photovoltaic system performance
IEC 61853 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating
IEC 62253 Design and performance of photovoltaic pumping systems
IEC 62670 Performance of photovoltaic concentrators
IEC 62862 series Solar thermal electric plants (to be published)
IEC 62891 Efficiency of photovoltaic inverters (to be published)
IEC 62892 series Performance of PV modules in different climates and applications (to be published)
Solar
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Bringing electricity to where it is consumed
Smart Grid and automation—
The IEC provides the large majority of
technical Standards for the Smart Grid
as well as for equipment such as smart
metering. Several IEC technical committees
cover power electronic systems and
automation. All are essential for reducing
grid losses and identifying energy efficiency
opportunities.
A detailed overview of Standards that
apply to the Smart Grid can be found here
http://go.iec.ch/std
Transmission technologies—
IEC International Standards provide the
performance and test requirements that
help assess the efficiency of all types of
cables, overhead conductors or power
transformers. They help calculate losses
and provide important parameters for cable
13
IEC Standard Description
IEC 61334 series Distribution automation
IEC 61850 series Communication networks and systems for power utility automation
IEC 61970 Energy management system
IEC TR 62051 series Electricity metering
IEC 62325 series Framework for energy market communications
IEC TS 62872 System interface between industrial facilities and the smart grid
IEC TS 62898 series Microgrids (to be published)
IEC 62934 Grid integration of renewable energy generation (to be published)
IEC/IEEE PAS 63547 Interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systems
ISO/IEC 30101 Sensor networks: interfaces for smart grid system
Smart Grid and automation
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60076 series Efficiency of power transformers
IEC TR 60919 series Performance of high-voltage and ultra-high-voltage direct current (HVDC and UHVDC)
systems
IEC 61788 series Superconductivity
IEC TR 62681 Electromagnetic performance of high-voltage direct current and ultra-high-voltage direct
current (HVDC and UHVDC) overhead transmission lines
Power transmission
or transformer design and installation.
Important new technologies such as Ultra
High Voltage transmission are made safe
through IEC work. This highly sophisticated
technology can help reduce transmission
losses over long distances by nearly 30%.
Superconductivity is another technology
that can improve energy efficiency. Most
conductors have some degree of resistance
which prevents electricity from flowing
effortlessly. Although utility scale power
transformers waste less than 1% of power
of their total rating, over the live span of
a transformer which can be in service
for decades, energy savings can add up
tremendously. With superconductors,
which are cooled down to between
–73 °C and –135 °C, energy losses due
to heat generated when current is flowing
through the conductor become essentially
zero. Even with the added cost for making
them cold enough for superconducting,
transformers in the 10 MW and higher
range are substantially more efficient and
less expensive than their conventional
counterparts. Superconducting cables also
offer the advantages of lower loss, lighter
weight and more compact dimensions,
compared to conventional cables. Energy
efficiency gains can be achieved during their
manufacturing, transport, installation, use
and end-of-life disposal.
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Electric motors
More than 50% of all electricity worldwide
is converted into mechanical energy by
electrical motors. Increasing the efficiency of
these motors is probably by far the biggest
and most affordable energy efficiency
opportunity out there.
The biggest user of motors is industry.
Industry consumes 40% of global electricity
(source: IEA) of which the large majority
drives electric motors in machines, pumps,
fans, compressors, conveyer belts, and the
like. Most of these motors are unable to
adjust their power consumption and waste
precious energy.
Changing to electric motors with variable-
speed drives reduces energy consumption
by up to 50%. The annual electricity cost
of running a motor is usually many times
greater than its initial purchase price and
energy savings quickly amortize the initial
investment: the new motor basically pays for
itself.
Another example is the pumping of fresh
and waste water, which is estimated to
account for around 10% of the world’s
electricity supply. Most pumping stations
rely on electricity to supply water to water
networks. These pumps are driven by
electric motors, most of which comply
with International Standards IEC 60034 or
IEC 61800. For more information
on IEC work for water management
http://go.iec.ch/water
IEC International Standards rank electric
motors according to their efficiency classes.
The IEC Conformity Assessment System
IECEE has put in place a global testing
scheme for electric motors to verify that
promises are kept.
Regulators everywhere in the world have
taken on board this classification system and
made it part of their policies. For example,
since January 2015, the EU only allows the
installation of IE3 rated electric motors (or
IE2 with variable-speed drive). In North
America NEMA and DOE have also taken
on board this rating system and the same is
true for many other countries.
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60034 series Electric motor efficiency, rating and performance
IEC 60252-1 AC motor capacitors testing and rating of performance
IEC TS 60349-3 Electric traction – Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles, determination of
total losses
IEC 61800 series Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems
Electric motors
15
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Industry
In addition to motors, which drive the
large majority of production processes and
consume around 70% of electricity used
by industry, several other technology areas
offer a good potential for increased energy
efficiency.
Heating and cooling—
Around 20%, and in some industries
up to 40% of electricity is consumed in
heating processes. These are widely used
across many sectors from food processing
and automotive applications to smelting.
Electroheating offers many benefits over
processes that use combustion of fossil
fuels, higher efficiency is just one of them.
Cleaner air, higher temperatures and better
process control are among the others. The
optimum energy efficiency of gas furnaces
ranges from 40% to 80% while that of an
electric furnace can reach 95%.
Technologies used in industry include
among others:
Induction furnaces that melt various
metals including steel, copper,
aluminium with absolute temperature
control
Resistance heating to heat, treat, form,
melt and dry metals; to cook, sterilize
and roast in the food industry or to fire
and dry ceramic products
Plasma torches to cut steel plates
Microwaves to treat food products
Radio-frequency electric fields to dry
textiles, fix dyes, control moisture
content, but also to sterilize medical
equipment
Lasers to weld, cut and treat various
metals
Infrared and radiation heating to coat
and cure surfaces
Electricity based technologies significantly
decrease primary energy waste compared
to combustion based technologies.
IEC Technical Committee 27 plays a central
role in preparing International Standards for
electroheating installations.
Automation—
Digital automated manufacturing systems
(smart manufacturing) pave the way for
more energy efficient processes. They cover
the whole life cycle of a product from idea
to order, construction and development,
delivery, recycling including all related
services as well as the integration of user or
consumer input and feedback.
Real-time information and data collection
enables continuous optimization – beyond
company borders – of cost, availability and
resource consumption.
IEC TC 65 publishes the International
Standards that address the safety and
efficiency of equipment and processes,
regulatory compliance and energy
consumption, as well as the many protocols
and methods that support the full range of
communication, monitoring, control, safety
and cyber security technologies in the
area of automation. Many other technical
committees publish Standards that are
needed for sensor networks, localization
and tracing technologies, batteries, piezo-
electrics, actuators, 3D printing, lasers and
much more.@ eblog.huawei.com/how-smart-factory-changes-automotive-steel-production
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IEC Standard Description
IEC 60947 series Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
IEC 61003 series Industrial-process control systems
IEC 61069 series Industrial-process measurement, control and automation
IEC 61131 series Programmable controllers
IEC 61158 series Industrial communication networks
IEC 61253 series Piezoelectric technologies
IEC 61261 series Piezoelectric technologies
IEC 61334 series Distribution automation
IEC 61439 series Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
IEC 61784 series Industrial communication networks
IEC 61994 series Piezoelectric technologies
IEC 62026 series Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
IEC TR 62837 Energy efficiency through automation systems
IEC TS 62872 Interface between industrial facilities and the smart grid
ISO/IEC 20005 Intelligent sensor networks
ISO/IEC 20140-5 Automation systems and integration
ISO/IEC 29182 series, ISO/IEC 30101 Sensor networks
Automation
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60240 Electric infra-red emitters for industrial heating
IEC 60398 Electroheating and electromagnetic processing installations
IEC 60676 Industrial direct arc furnaces
IEC TS 60680 Plasma heating equipment
IEC 61307 Industrial microwave heating installations
IEC 62395 series Industrial and commercial electrical resistance trace heating systems
Heating and cooling
18
Commercial and residential buildings
account for about 40% of primary energy
consumption in many countries. This energy
is used for lighting, heating, ventilation and
air conditioning systems, as well as for
powering elevators, escalators, machinery
and appliances.
Building automation—
Building automation and control can
significantly improve the energy efficiency
of buildings. They include a wide variety
of technologies that are wirelessly
connected, including light detectors,
timers, temperature, motion, humidity and
many other sensor systems, as well as
programmable logic controllers. Building
automation can help optimize device
use by switching them off entirely or by
reducing their use to the minimum. They
can also highlight “bad habits” that should
be corrected. For example by modifying
the heating or cooling temperature settings
by 2 °C, up to 10% of energy can be
saved. Additional energy savings can be
achieved by upgrading and renovating a
building’s electrification and by installing
low-consumption, high-efficiency lighting
systems, more efficient electrical motors and
transformers.
IEC Technical Committee 8 focuses on
overall systems aspects of electricity supply.
IEC TC 57 deals with communications
between equipment and electricity systems.
IEC TC 47 develops Standards for sensors
and similar devices. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 25
covers building automation including for
example energy harvesting.
Heating and cooling—
Heat pumps represent one of the most
efficient means of heating or cooling a
building. They require a minimum amount
of electricity to function and work on the
principle of transferring heat from water, air,
soil or other sources to provide hot water or
air conditioning.
Moving people around—
Elevators and escalators account for up to
10% of energy use in buildings. Innovative
motors and regenerative braking systems
that recuperate energy help cut elevator
power consumption in half. Escalators can
be made more efficient by mounting sensors
that turn them off when they are not needed
or activate soft start systems when the
number of people carried is low. IEC TCs 2
and 47 provide the technical foundation
that ensures that elevators and lifts work as
efficiently and safely as possible.
Buildings (commercial, public and medical)
@ fr
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IEC Standard Description
IEC 60335 series Air-conditioners, dehumidifiers, heat-pumps, circulation pumps, etc.
IEC 60531 Electric thermal storage room-heaters, performance
IEC 60675 Electric thermal storage room-heaters, performance
IEC 60704-2-5 Electric thermal storage room-heaters, performance
IEC 60730 series Automatic temperature sensing and energy regulators
Heating and cooling
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60034 series Electric motors for escalators, elevators, breaking systems, conveyor belts, etc.
IEC 60747-14 series Optical, bio and other sensors
IEC 60747-16 series Integrated circuits
IEC 60748 series Integrated circuits
People movers
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60364 series Energy efficiency of low-voltage electrical installations
IEC 60730 series Automatic electrical controls
IEC 60747 series Semiconductor sensors and MEMS
IEC 61240 series Piezoelectric devices and energy harvesting
IEC 61837 series Piezoelectric devices and energy harvesting
IEC 61970 series Energy management system
IEC 62018 Power consumption of information technology equipment
IEC 62047 series Semiconductor sensors and MEMS
IEC 62053 series Electricity metering equipment
IEC 62746 series Systems interface between customer energy management system and the power
management system
IEC 63044 series Home and building automation
ISO/IEC 14543 series Home electronic system architecture
Building automation
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Lighting
Nearly 20% of total electricity production
is consumed by electric lighting. By 2030,
energy demand for artificial light is projected
to be 80% higher than today.
The introduction of more energy efficient
lighting solutions is seen as a priority in
many countries.
Here as elsewhere, the choice of technology
makes a big difference in terms of energy
efficiency. Incandescent bulbs waste about
95% of electricity mostly in the form of
heat. Compact fluorescent lamps are 80%
more efficient than incandescent bulbs and
have been a good tool to reduce energy
consumption in this area.
LEDs represent currently the highest
commercially available energy efficiency
levels. LEDs find increasing application
in street and airport lighting systems,
where they can save up to 95% of energy
compared to other technologies. Such
savings generally help amortize the
investment in just a couple of years. They
also find increasing application in low-
power situations for example off-grid or with
batteries.
LEDs are complex electronic assemblies; in
order for them to deliver on their efficiency
and long-life promise they need to be built
with reliable components and quality tested.
IECQ, one of the IEC Conformity Assessment
Systems offers a dedicated programme
for the testing and verification of LED
components and assemblies.
IEC Technical Committee 34 prepares the
large majority of International Standards
for safe and efficient lighting, including
performance requirements, specifications,
testing and measuring methods for all types
of lamps and their auxiliaries. Their scope
includes lamps/lighting equipment used in
homes, medical facilities, offices, road and
street lighting; airports and landing strips;
theatres and stadiums, cars/transportation,
decoration, emergency lighting, etc.
Light management systems help switch
lights on and off and regulate levels of
lighting depending on weather and time
of day. They can significantly reduce
energy waste. IEC TCs 23 and 47 provide
the Standards that apply to electronically
activated switches and sensors.
21
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60364-7-714 and IEC 60364-7-715 Lighting installations
IEC 60598-2-3 Luminaires for road and street lighting
IEC 60929 Normal and compact fluorescent lamps
IEC 60968 Controlgear for fluorescent, high intensity discharge lamps, halogen, LED modules
IEC 60969 Controlgear for fluorescent, high intensity discharge lamps, halogen, LED modules
IEC 61167 Metal halide lamps
IEC 61347 series LED lamp controlgear AC and DC
IEC 61821 Airport lighting
IEC 61822 Airport lighting
IEC 61823 Airport lighting
IEC 61827 Airport lighting
IEC 61951 series Batteries (Flashlights)
IEC 62143 Airport lighting
IEC TS 62257 series Solar lanterns
IEC 62341 series OLED displays
IEC 62442 series Controlgear for fluorescent, high intensity discharge lamps, halogen, LED modules
IEC 62639 Controlgear for fluorescent, high intensity discharge lamps, halogen, LED modules
IEC 62717 Controlgear for fluorescent, high intensity discharge lamps, halogen, LED modules
IEC 62722 series Luminaire performance
IEC TR 62750 Controlgear for fluorescent, high intensity discharge lamps, halogen, LED modules
IEC 62870 Airport lighting
IEC 62922 OLED displays
IEC 63044 series Home and building electronic systems
Lamps and lighting
22
Consumer goods
IEC Technical Committee 59 develops
International Standards that address
the energy efficiency characteristics of
appliances such as dishwashers, laundry
appliances, cooking, cooling and freezing
appliances and many more. Among
other things, these Standards provide
the basis for measuring and testing the
performance and power consumption,
including in standby mode. The work of
IEC TC 59 has markedly helped making
appliances more efficient. For example,
today’s refrigerators use 40% less energy
than they did 15 years ago.
According to a study by McKinsey & Co, the
replacement of old appliances is one of the
most efficient global measures to increase
energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse
gas emissions.
IEC TC 100 provides standard measurement
methods for the power consumption and
energy efficiency of audio, video and
multimedia systems, as well as other
equipment connected to the power mains.
Their scope also includes applications for
home energy management applications.
Often energy efficiency promises of
manufacturers need to be independently
verified. Such testing and verification is
done by independent laboratories, many of
which also participate in IECEE, the global
Conformity Assessment System of the IEC
that takes care of the certification of all
electric and electronic equipment used in
homes, offices and medical environments, to
name but a few.
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IEC Standard Description
IEC 60299 Electric blankets
IEC 60311 Irons and ironing machines
IEC 60350 series Electric cooking appliances and food preparation appliances such as ovens, steam ovens,
grills, hobs, toasters, fryers, coffee makers, etc.
IEC 60379 Electric storage water-heaters
IEC 60436 Dishwashers
IEC 60456 Clothes washing machines, washer-dryers, tumble dryers
IEC 60496 Electric warming plates, kettles, jugs
IEC 60665 Ventilators, fans
IEC 60675 Room heaters
IEC 60705 Microwave ovens
IEC 61254 Electric shavers
IEC 61817 Electric cooking appliances and food preparation appliances such as ovens, steam ovens,
grills, hobs, toasters, fryers, coffee makers, etc
IEC 61855 Electrical hair care appliances
IEC 62018 Information technology equipment, desktop and notebook computers
IEC 62087 series Audio, video, and related equipment
IEC 62301 Standby power consumption of household appliances
IEC 62512 Clothes washing machines, washer-dryers, tumble dryers
IEC 62552 series Refrigerators, freezers and other similar appliances
IEC 62623 Information technology equipment, desktop and notebook computers
IEC 62849 Household robots
IEC 62885 series Vacuum cleaners and cleaning appliances
IEC 62929 Household robots
Performance of household devices, audio and video
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Transportation
Energy savings and increases in efficiency in
transportation can be achieved in a number
of ways.
Vehicles —
All types of engines can be made more
energy efficient. The most significant energy
savings will come from a move to electric
or fuel-cell motors. As explained earlier,
combustion is by definition highly inefficient.
Combustion motors in cars waste over 60%
of fuel.
The work of IEC Technical Committees 21,
23, 69 and 105 support the introduction of
electric, hybrid or fuel-cell vehicles, covering
the full range of relevant electric and
electronic technologies, including batteries
and charging infrastructure.
Electric vehicles are found in many different
applications, including in warehouses and
more recently in airports where they help
guide airplanes to the runway. Such taxi
operations can save up to 4% of aviation
fuel.
All of this helps accelerate the transition
to cleaner more energy efficient transport
systems.
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IEC Standard Description
IEC 60077 series Railways: electrical and electronic equipment, switchgear, power converters, traction
materials, insulators, overhead contact line systems, electrical connectors, etc.
IEC 60349 series Electric motors for trains and other vehicles
IEC 61881 series Railway capacitors for power electronics
IEC 61992 series Railways: electrical and electronic equipment, switchgear, power converters, traction
materials, insulators, overhead contact line systems, electrical connectors, etc.
IEC 62290 series Urban guided transport management and command/control systems
IEC 62580 series On-board multimedia and telematic subsystems for railways
IEC 62864-1 Onboard energy storage system for hybrid railway applications
IEC 62888 series Energy measurement on board trains
IEC 62924 Energy storage system for DC traction systems
IEC 62928 Onboard traction batteries and auxiliary power supply systems
IEC 63076 Electric equipment in trolley buses
Trains, metros, trolleybuses, cable cars
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60092 series Electrical installations in ships
IEC 60309-5 Ship connectors and ship inlets for low-voltage and high-voltage shore connection systems
IEC 61892 series Electrical installations for mobile and fixed offshore units
IEC 62613 series Ship connectors and ship inlets for low-voltage and high-voltage shore connection systems
IEC/IEEE 80005 series Ship connectors and ship inlets for low-voltage and high-voltage shore connection systems
Shipping
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60095 series Starter, traction or aircraft batteries
IEC 60254 series Starter, traction or aircraft batteries
IEC 60952 series Starter, traction or aircraft batteries
IEC 61851 series Electric vehicle conductive charging system
IEC 61980-1 Electric vehicle wireless power transfer systems
IEC 61982 series Electric vehicle batteries and battery swap systems
IEC 62196 series Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (plugs, sockets, outlets, inlets)
IEC 62282 series Fuel cell technologies
IEC 62576 Capacitors for hybrid vehicles
IEC 62660 series Lithium-ion cells for electric vehicles
IEC 62840 series Electric vehicle batteries and battery swap systems
Electric and other vehicles
Public transport—
IEC TC 9 is tasked with the standardization
of energy management systems in trains,
metros, trams and similar transport
applications. Their work encompasses
systems that assist drivers for optimal driving
in an effort to reduce energy consumption.
They also provide International Standards
that enable the recovery of braking energy,
or on-board energy storage, to name but a
few.
Shipping—
IEC TCs 18 and 23 enable increased energy
efficiency in shipping. Their work supports
the introduction of hybrid and full electrical
propulsion systems.
26
Other energy efficient technologiesThere is a rapidly increasing range of
applications, including in the power sector,
using energy harvesting. This designates
the process of collecting low levels of energy
from sources such as ambient or waste
heat, solar, thermal and kinetic energy and
converting it into electrical energy. This
trend is driven by sensors and wireless
communication devices which increasingly
aim to run independently from an external
power source. Most kinetic-based energy
harvesting systems depend on piezoelectric
transducers. International Standards for
these are developed by IEC Technical
Committee 49.
IEC Standard Description
IEC 60368 series Piezoelectric devices, filters, sensors, etc.
IEC 61261 series Piezoelectric devices, filters, sensors, etc.
IEC 62884 series Measurement techniques of piezoelectric, dieletric and electrostatic oscillators
Other energy efficient technologies
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LEDs, cell phones, PCs or TVs are able
to use direct current. Solar PV generates
direct current and yet – even in rural off-
grid settings – this energy is transformed
into alternating current. This results in
unnecessary efficiency losses.
Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) is a low
cost, simple but high-level technology that
promises to bring energy to the millions who
have none. It will help reduce conversion
losses and eliminate the need to build many
power transformers. LVDC will also make it
easier to connect renewable energy.
The IEC is leading efforts to make this
technology safe for use in rural electrification
but also in data centres, hospitals, office
buildings and other domains where a lot of
energy could be used directly without losses
in energy conversion. More information
on IEC work for LVDC can be found on
http://go.iec.ch/seg4
LVDC
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IEC publications
The following table illustrates the role of different types of IEC publications relevant to energy efficiency (non-exhaustive). A single publication can
address more than one energy efficiency aspect. Not all energy efficiency aspects of individual publications have been highlighted.
Topic Energy efficiency aspect Examples publications
Define energy efficiency Define terminology ISO/IEC 13273-1 – Energy efficiency and renewable energy
sources – Common international terminology – Part 1: Energy
efficiency
Define systems boundaries IEC 61800-9-1 – Adjustable speed electrical power drive
systems – Part 9-1: Energy efficiency of power drive systems,
motor starters, power electronics and their driven applications –
General requirements for setting energy efficiency standards for
power driven equipment using the Extended Product Approach
(EPA) and semi analytic model (SAM)
IEC TR 62837 – Energy efficiency through automation systems
Define energy efficiency key
performance indicators (EE KPIs)
IEC 60364-8-1 – Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 8-1:
Energy efficiency
IEC 60034-30-1 – Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-1:
Efficiency classes of line operated AC motors (IE-code)
IEC TS 60034-30-2 – Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-2:
Efficiency classes of variable speed AC motors (IE-code)
IEC TS 60076-20 – Power transformers – Part 20: Energy
efficiency
ISO/IEC 30134 series – Information technology – Data centres –
Key performance indicators
IEC 61800-9-2 – Adjustable speed electrical power drive
systems – Part 9-2: Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor
starters, power electronics & their driven applications – Energy
efficiency indicators for power drive systems and motor starters
IEC TR 62837 – Energy efficiency through automation systems
Define energy baseline ISO
Define reference applications IEC 60456 – Clothes washing machines for household use –
Methods for measuring the performance
Define reference control strategies IEC TR 62837 – Energy efficiency through automation systems
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Topic Energy efficiency aspect Examples publications
Measure energy efficiency Define test methods IEC 60034-2-1 – Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-1:
Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from
tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
Define measurements methods IEC 62442-1 – Energy performance of lamp controlgear – Part 1:
Controlgear for fluorescent lamps – Method of measurement to
determine the total input power of controlgear circuits and the
efficiency of the controlgear
IEC 62301 – Household electrical appliances – Measurement of
standby power
IEC 62018 – Power consumption of information technology
equipment – Measurement methods
IEC 60034-2-1: Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-1:
Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from
tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
Define measurements plans IEC 62888 series – Railway applications – Energy measurement
on board trains
Define classes IEC 60034-30-1 – Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-1:
Efficiency classes of line operated AC motors (IE-code)
IEC 60034-30-2 – Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-2:
Efficiency classes of variable speed AC motors (IE-code)
IEC 61800-9-2 – Adjustable speed electrical power drive
systems – Part 9-2: Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor
starters, power electronics and their driven applications – Energy
efficiency indicators for power drive systems and motor starters
IEC TS 60076-20 – Power transformers – Part 20: Energy
efficiency
Assess energy efficiency Energy audits, benchmarking methods,
energy efficiency evaluation and
investment evaluation
ISO
Improve energy efficiency Energy management system ISO
Design criteria guidelines IEC TS 60034-31 – Rotating electrical machines – Part 31:
Selection of energy-efficient motors including variable speed
applications – Application guide
Application guidelines IEC 60364-8-1 – Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 8-1:
Energy efficiency
IEC TR 62837 – Energy efficiency through automation systems
Enable energy efficiency Communication ISO/IEC 15067-3 – Information technology – Home electronic
system (HES) application model – Part 3: Model of a demand-
response energy management system for HES
Measurement infrastructure IEC 62974-1 – Monitoring and measuring systems used for data
collection, gathering and analysis – Part 1: Device requirements
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About the IEC
The IEC, headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland, is the world’s leading publisher
of International Standards for electrical
and electronic technologies. It is a global,
independent, not-for-profit, membership
organization (funded by membership fees
and sales). The IEC includes 170 countries
that represent 99,1% of world population
and 99,2% of world energy generation.
The IEC provides a worldwide, neutral and
independent platform where 20 000 experts
from the private and public sectors cooperate
to develop state-of-the-art, globally relevant
IEC International Standards. These form
the basis for testing and certification, and
support economic development, protecting
people and the environment.
IEC work impacts around 20% of global
trade (in value) and looks at aspects such
as safety, interoperability, performance
and other essential requirements for a vast
range of technology areas, including energy,
manufacturing, transportation, healthcare,
homes, buildings or cities.
The IEC administers four Conformity
Assessment Systems and provides a
standardized approach to the testing and
certification of components, products,
systems, as well as the competence of
persons.
IEC work is essential for safety, quality and
risk management. It helps make cities
smarter, supports universal energy access
and improves energy efficiency of devices
and systems. It allows industry to consistently
build better products, helps governments
ensure long-term viability of infrastructure
investments and reassures investors and
insurers.
Key figures
170 Members and Affiliates
>200
Technical Committees and
Subcommittees
20 000
Experts from industry, test and research
labs, government, academia and
consumer groups
10 000
International Standards
in catalogue
4
Global Conformity Assessment Systems
>1 million
Conformity Assessment Certificates
issued
>100 Years of expertise
A global network of 170 countries
that covers 99% of world population and
electricity generation
Offers an Affiliate Country Programme
to encourage developing countries to
participate in IEC work free of charge
Develops International Standards and runs
four Conformity Assessment Systems to
verify that electronic and electrical products
work safely and as they are intended to
IEC International Standards represent a
global consensus of state-of-the-art
know-how and expertise
A not-for-profit organization enabling global
trade and universal electricity access
31
IEC Conformity Assessment Systems
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c/o IEC − International Electrotechnical
Commission
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CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
T +41 22 919 0211
www.iecee.org
www.iecre.org
IECEx / IECQ
The Executive Centre
Australia Square, Level 33
264 George Street
Sydney NSW 2000
Australia
T +61 2 4628 4690
Fax +61 2 4627 5285
www.iecex.com
www.iecq.org
Asia Pacific
IEC-APRC − Asia-Pacific
Regional Centre
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T +65 6377 5173
Fax +65 6278 7573
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César
São Paulo - SP - CEP 01310-300
Brazil
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for North America
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Please visit the IEC website at www.iec.ch
for further information. In the “About the
IEC” section, you can contact your local IEC
National Committee directly. Alternatively,
please contact the IEC Central Office
in Geneva, Switzerland or the nearest
IEC Regional Centre.
Global—
IEC − International Electrotechnical
Commission
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Fax +41 22 919 0300
www.iec.ch
IEC Regional Offices
—
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Further information
32
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