BCSL-013(Computer Basics and PC Software Lab
)For 100% Result Oriented IGNOU Coaching
and Project TrainingCall CPD: 011-65164822, 08860352748
INPUT DEVICES
Input Devices: devices that input information into the computer such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and digital camera.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Output: devices that output information from the computer such as a printer and monitor.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the
Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the Computer. Processor speed: The speed at which a
microprocessor executes instructions. This is usually measured in megahertz (MHz).
Brands of Processors include: PentiumCeleronMACAMD Cyrix
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Computer chip: also called the microprocessor may contain an entire processing unit.
Computer chips contain millions of transistors. They are small pieces of semi-conducting material (silicon).
An integrated circuit is embedded in the silicon. Computers are made of many chips on a circuit board.
DATA STORAGE DEVICES The hard-drive is a mechanical
storage device typically located internally. Fast recording and recovery of data
Large storage capacityMagneticPrimary storage device for data and programs
Speed is measured in R.P.M.’s
DATA STORAGE DEVICES (CONT’D)
CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) Approximately 600 to 700 megabyte of storage
An optical device read by a diode laser
SOFTWARE
Instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to accomplish a task.
System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks. Operating systems Utilities
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
An Operating System (OS) is the master controller within a computer.EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux
An operating system interacts with: All hardware installed in or connected to a
computer system. All software installed or running from a storage
device on a computer system.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Microsoft Windows Most popular operating system. Supports a vast array of application software and
peripheral devices. MacOS
For Macintosh computers. Proprietary system. Does not have same functionality and support
for software and peripheral devices.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Utilities Utilities augment functionality of operating
systems. Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities.
Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a file.
Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files.
Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data files.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Graphics Creation and Manipulation Animation and 3D Graphics Video Editing Internet Connectivity Website Creation and Management Groupware Financial Management Educational Games and Tutorials
Feature of operating System
PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE
Graphical user interface (GUI) Most common interface
Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE Uses a mouse to control objects Uses a desktop metaphor Shortcuts open programs or documents Open documents have additional objects Task switching Dialog boxes allow directed input
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE
Command line interfaces Older interface
DOS, Linux, UNIX User types commands at a prompt User must remember all commands Included in all GUIs
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
RUNNING PROGRAMS
Many different applications supported System call
Provides consistent access to OS features Share information between programs
Copy and paste Object Linking and Embedding
MANAGING HARDWARE
Programs need to access hardware Interrupts
CPU is stopped Hardware device is accessed
Device drivers control the hardware
ORGANIZING FILES AND FOLDERS
Organized storage Long file names Folders can be created and nested All storage devices work consistently
Features of Micro-Processor
MICROPROCESSOR GENERATIONS
First generation: 1971-78 Behind the power curve
(16-bit, <50k transistors) Second Generation: 1979-85
Becoming “real” computers (32-bit , >50k transistors)
Third Generation: 1985-89 Challenging the “establishment”
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer/RISC, >100k transistors)
Fourth Generation: 1990- Architectural and performance leadership
(64-bit, > 1M transistors, Intel/AMD translate into RISC internally)
IN THE BEGINNING (8-BIT) INTEL 4004
First general-purpose, single-chip microprocessor
Shipped in 1971 8-bit architecture, 4-bit
implementation 2,300 transistors Performance < 0.1 MIPS
(Million Instructions Per Sec) 8008: 8-bit implementation
in 1972 3,500 transistors First microprocessor-based
computer (Micral) Targeted at laboratory
instrumentation Mostly sold in Europe
All chip photos in this talk courtesy of Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University
1ST GENERATION (16-BIT) INTEL 8086
Introduced in 1978 Performance < 0.5 MIPS
New 16-bit architecture “Assembly language”
compatible with 8080 29,000 transistors Includes memory
protection, support for Floating Point coprocessor
In 1981, IBM introduces PC Based on 8088--8-bit bus
version of 8086
2ND GENERATION (32-BIT) MOTOROLA 68000
Major architectural step in microprocessors: First 32-bit architecture
initial 16-bit implementation First flat 32-bit address
Support for paging General-purpose register
architecture Loosely based on PDP-11
minicomputer
First implementation in 1979 68,000 transistors < 1 MIPS (Million Instructions
Per Second) Used in
Apple Mac Sun , Silicon Graphics, & Apollo
workstations
3RD GENERATION: MIPS R2000
Several firsts: First (commercial) RISC
microprocessor First microprocessor to
provide integrated support for instruction & data cache
First pipelined microprocessor (sustains 1 instruction/clock)
Implemented in 1985 125,000 transistors 5-8 MIPS (Million
Instructions per Second)
4TH GENERATION (64 BIT) MIPS R4000
First 64-bit architecture Integrated caches
On-chip Support for off-chip, secondary
cache Integrated floating point Implemented in 1991:
Deep pipeline 1.4M transistors Initially 100MHz > 50 MIPS
Intel translates 80x86/ Pentium X instructions into RISC internally