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I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE
BREAK!!!
I HOPE YOU HAD SUCCESSFUL
EXAM TERMS!!!
SPEAKING ABOUT EXAMS…
…IF YOU STILL DO NOT HAVE YOUR EJ1 (OJV1+GEJ1) GRADES…
…REGISTERED IN YOUR STUDENT ID BOOKS…
YOU CAN HAVE THEM REGISTERED DURING OLGA’S OFFICE HOURS!
NOW...
Welcome to our new course…
ENGLESKI JEZIK 2:GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2
…also known as…
GEJ2
A BRIEF COURSE DESCRIPTION: GRADING
• ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 - GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2 (GEJ2):– ATTENDANCE 15% (10% att. + 5% activity)
– TEST 25%– WRITTEN EXAM 30% (55% minimum correct)
– ORAL EXAM 30%
• TEST: to take place in April (most probably second half)• ORAL EXAM: three questions:
– 2 theoretical questions (GEJ2 + relevant topics from GEJ1)– 1 practical question (e.g. explain the usage of the passive voice in
five sentences)
A BRIEF DIGRESSION...
EJ2-OJV2 GRADING
• ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 – OBJEDINJENE JEZIČKE VEŠTINE 2 (OVJ2):– ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION: 10%
• 3.33% PER EACH PART OF THE COURSE• I.e. 3.33% for PRESENTATIONS, 3.33% for WRITING, 3.33% for TEXT
ANALYSIS– PRESENTATIONS 30% (pre-exam)– WRITING 30% (pre-exam)– TEXT ANALYSIS 30% (WRITTEN EXAM)
• PRE-EXAM TESTS: probably to take place in MAY
TO SUM UP…
ENGLESKI JEZIK 2GEJ2 (50%)
Attendance and participation 15%
Midterm exam/test25%
Written exam30%
Oral exam30%
OJV2 (50%)
Attendance and participation10% (3.33% for each part(
Presentations30%
Writing30%
Text analysis30%
(TENTATIVE) COURSE SCHEDULE
• FEBRUARY: Adjective Phrase• MARCH: Adjective Phrase (wrap-up), Adverb
Phrase, Prepositional Phrase• APRIL: Adverbials and SIMPLE SENTENCE• MAY: COMPLEX SENTENCE
CLASS #1: AP
CLASS #2: AP/AdvP
CLASS #3: AdvP, PP
CLASS #4: PP
CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS
CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS
CLASS #7: MIDTERM OVERVIEW AND SIMPLE SENTENCE INTRO
MIDTERM TEST
CLASS #8: SIMPLE SENTENCE
CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE
CLASS #10: COMPLEX SENTENCE
CLASS #11: COMPLEX SENTENCE
CLASS #12: COMPLEX SENTENCE , WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS
TEXTBOOKSThe Same Ones as in the Last Semester
TEXTBOOKS
• Greenbaum & Quirk, A Student’s Grammar of the English Language
TEXTBOOKS
• Đurić & Šević, A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar
Speaking about the workbook…
… it is possible that I made a blunder…
A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar
• Are there 14 pages at the end of your workbook that look like this?
A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar
• Those are feedback/comprehension forms that we will use at the end of each lecture.
• You will answer 10 to 15 questions that deal with the fundamental concepts introduced in each lecture. You will not be graded. I will use the data to modify the following presentation.
• They are formatted in such a strange way, because they will be assessed by the computer using an OMR program.
• However, we won’t be doing it today.
LET’S INTRODUCE OUR TODAY’S TOPICNOW…
WHAT ARE THESE?
ADJECTIVES!
ADJECTIVES AND THE AP
CLASS #12012-02-22
WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?
ADJECTIVES
• Adjectives are traditionally defined as a part of speech:– which describes a noun: a word that describes or qualifies a
noun or pronoun• According to more recent linguistic theories, an
adjective is: – a word whose main syntactic role is to provide detailed
information about qualities that are compatible with the noun which the adjective modifies
– A PREGNAT WHALE– *A PREGNANT TABLE
FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
• How to identify an adjective:– SUFFIXES – there are several suffixes which are
distinctively adjectival: -able, -ible, -ful, -less, -ic, -ive, -ant, -ous, -al, -ish, -ly,
– PARTICIPLES and –ed forms – ING PARTICIPLES and PAST PARTICIPLES can function as adjectives: • a surprising visit, a surprised visitor• However, some –ed forms are just adjectives because
there is no corresponding verb, eg. a talented actor
FORMS OF ADJECTIVES• The biggest problem, as far as identifying an adjective is
concerned, is how to distinguish between an adverb and an adjective:– SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE AND THE ADVERB HAVE THE SAME
FORM: late, fast, daily, early, monthly• A fast car VS. He drives fast. • Early morning. VS. He came early.
– SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE HAS THE –LY SUFFIX WHICH IS TYPICALLY AN ADVERB SUFFIX:• A friendly smile• He greeted me in a friendly way.• *He greeted me friendly.
FORMS OF ADJECTIVES (cont.)– SOMETIMES THERE ARE TWO WORDS WITH THE SAME
ROOT WHICH LOOK LIKE AND ADJECTIVE-ADVERB PAIR, BUT THEY CAN BOTH BE ADVERBS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS: high and highly, hard and hardly, etc.• He works hard. VS. He hardly works.
– SOMETIMES, ESPECIALLY IN AMERICAN ENGLISH, IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE THE NON-DERIVED FORM (without –LY) AS AN ADVERB:
– Think positive! Think positively!– I hear you loud and clear!
ADJECTIVE PHRASES: general characteristics
• PARADIGM – adjectives can be compared• FUNCTION (syntactic function – their function
in the sentence)
ADJECTIVAL PARADIGM
• Adjectival paradigm consists of three forms:– POSITIVE e.g. BIG– COMPARATIVE e.g. BIGGER– SUPERLATIVE e.g. BIGGEST
– However, not all adjectives can be compared:• Adjectives denoting ULTIMATE STATES and
UNGRADABLE PROPERTIES cannot be compared:– He is deader. or Mary is more pregnant than Janet.
TYPES OF ADJECTIVAL COMPARISON
• On the basis of the category of DEGREE, it is possible to distinguish THREE types of adjectival comparison:
• COMPARISON TO THE SAME DEGREE:– Mark is as intelligent as John.
• COMPARISON TO A HIGHER DEGREE:– Mark is older than John.
• COMPARISON TO A LOWER DEGREE:– Mark is less sociable than John.
ADJECTIVE PHRASES: function
• [An [expensive] painting] has been stolen from…• This painting is [expensive].
syntactic functions of adjectives
DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT FUNCTION = ATTRIBUTIVE FUNCTIONAdjective Phrase is a PART OF ANOTHER PHRASE, i.e. a part of the NP, its function is to modify the meaning of the HEAD NOUN.• Typically, an attributive adjective follows the determiner and precedes the noun: NP[a AP[very beautiful] painting] or NP[an AP[expensive] gift]• However, in some cases the adjective follows the HEAD NOUN: NP[somebody AP[important]] or NP[secretary AP[general]]
INDEPENDENT FUNCTION = PREDICATIVE FUNCTIONAdjective Phrase has an INDEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE, i.e. it functions as s SENTENCE ELEMENT.Cs – subject complement: That painting is AP[very beautiful].Co – object complement: He made his parents AP[proud].
The policeman kicked the door AP[open].
FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE• TWO TYPES of adjective phrases: SIMPLE
AP=Adj e.g. intelligent• COMPLEX– Complex APs with PREMODIFICATION:
AP=Adv+Adjvery intelligentAP=Adj+Advintelligent enough, marvelous indeed
– Complex APs with COMPLEMENTATION:AP=Adj+PPintelligent beyond your expectationsAP=Adj+Clnon-fin
intelligent [enough] [to quit that job]AP=Adj+Clfin
certain that he will succeed
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE ADJECTIVE IN A
SINGLE PHRASE?
LET’S TRY TO DESCRIBE A PHOTO!
POSITION AND ORDER OF ADJECTIVES• PREMODIFYING POSITION = typical position of
attributive adjectives in NPs• MANY ADJECTIVES CAN CO-OCCUR IN THIS POSITION
THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES IN THE PRMODIFYING POSITION IS FIXED.
WHAT IS THEIRRELATIVE ORDER?PREMODIFYING ADJECTIVES
subjective measure
objective measure
general size shape age color participle origin material
modifying noun
beautiful/cuddly large roundish young white domesticated English lop bunny
EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES:
• ONLY ONE IS OK. WHICH ONE?• handsome hot cute Italian guy• handsome cute hot Italian guy• hot cute handsome Italian guy• cute hot handsome Italian guy• cute handsome hot Italian guy• IF THERE ARE SEVERAL ADJECTIVES OF THE SAME
TYPE, YOU ORDER THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR LENGTH.
EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES:
• hot cute handsome Italian extremely and amazingly intelligent guy
• dangerous new non-opportunistic infections
• IF THERE IS ONE EXTREMELY LONG (= number of syllables) ADJECTIVE PHRASE IT TAKES THE FINAL POSITION REGARDLESS OF ITS TYPE
SEMANTICS OF ADJECTIVES
i.e. their meaning
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 97)
• semantic, adj. = relating to the meanings of words
semantic classification of adjectives
stative vs. dynamic
gradable vs. non-gradable
inherent vs.non-inherent
STATIVE vs. DYNAMIC• Adjectives typically denote permanent states (e.g.
tall, intelligent), so they are typically STATIVE.• However, some adjectives can denote temporary
properties (e.g. rude, naughty, cruel, foolish).• These two classes differ syntactically:– She is being rude. *She is being tall.
(progressive)– Don’t be silly. *Don’t be tall. (imperative)
• I.e. when they are used predicatively, stative adjectives are incompatible with the progressive aspect and the imperative mood
Those adjectives are DYNAMIC.
GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE• Gradable adjectives refer to properties that can be
represented on a scale:– GRADABLE : John is tall.– NON-GRADABLE: John is English. Mary is pregnant.
• Only gradable adjectives can express comparison:– John is taller than Bob. – *Mary is more pregnant than Jane.
• Only gradable adjectives can be premodifed by intensifiers:– John is very tall. *Mary is very pregnant.
GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE• Most gradable adjectives come in pairs:– deep/shallow; high/low; long/short; tall/short– old/young; thick/thin; wide/narrow; heavy/light
• Why is that important?• In such pairs, there is always the unmarked
word which is used in questions and general statements.
Peel P50
The Peel P50 is officially the world’s smallest car ever made.
How ____ (big/small) is the Peel P50?BIG
GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE• Some gradable adjectives come in pairs:– deep/shallow; high/low; long/short; tall/short– old/young; thick/thin; wide/narrow; heavy/light
• In such pairs, it is always the upper degree word which is the unmarked word:– John is 8 years old/*young.– How old is he? – *How young is he?– How beautiful is she?– *How ugly is she?– How quick is this car?– *How slow is this car?
INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT• inherent, adj. =a quality that is inherent in something
is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it• Not all adjectives characterize the referent of the
noun directly:– an old friend ≠ my friend is old– Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not
characterize the person.• Adjectives that characterize the referent of the noun
directly are called INHERENT, and those that do not are called NON-INHERENT.
INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT
• Classifying an ADJ in one of the two groups (inherent vs. non-inherent) may involve relation to an implicit or explicit standard, e.g.– BIG is INHERENT in a big mouse, the standard being the
relative size of mice– BIG is NON-INHERENT in a big fool, the standard being
degrees of foolishness.• However, the relative standard has to be
distinguished from gradability as well as from the inherent/non-inherent contrast.
INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT
• For example:– Perfect and good are non-inherent in a perfect
mother and a good mother, the standard being motherhood, but only good is gradable (a very good mother, *a very perfect mother).
NOW, LET’S SEE HOW THIS CLASSIFICATION WORKS IN PRACTICE.
Who/what can be INHERENTLY happy?
happy girl happy rock
Who/what can be INHERENTLY hard?
hard rockhard Rock
Who/what can be INHERENTLY wooden?
wooden Nichols Cage
wooden table
PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (a,b,c,d)
NI I
NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT
NI NI
NI NI
NI I
And now…
EVEN MORE ADJECTIVES!!!
SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOUR OF ADJs
HAPPY:• Mary is a happy girl.• A happy girl in the
corner is called Mandy.• The girl in the corner is
happy. • The award made her
happy.
UTTER:• Mary is an utter fool.• An utter fool can never
comprehend such complex ideas.
• *The girl in the corner is utter.
• *The award made her utter.
SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 96)
syntactic classification of adjectives
CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
This classification is based on syntactic functions which adjectives can perform.Adjectives that can have BOTH attributive and predicative function are called CENTRAL. E.g. a happy girl vs. The girl is happy. / He made her happy.
Adjectives that have EITHER attributive or predicative function are called PERIPHERAL. E.g. an utter fool vs. *The fool is utter.
SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES – peripheral adjectives
PERIPHERAL ADJECTIVES
attributive only
predicative only
PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (a, b, c)CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only)
PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter
PERIPHERAL, attributive only, intensifier/amplifier
CENTRAL
ADJECTIVES AGAIN!!!
SOME INTERESTING SENTENCES FEATURING ADJECTIVES
• Jumpy, he got scared when the door screaked.• Blissful, he signed the contract without
reading the small print,.• If ready, give me a signal!• When black, these berries are ripe.• Marvellous! You did it!• You bought me a new iPad! How nice of you!
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (pg. 96)
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE SENTENCES
THE END
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!CU NEXT WEEK!