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• I. Characteristics of Bacteria• A) Bacteria are Prokaryotes - they have no
true nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Instead, DNA is concentrated into a nucleoid region.
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• B) They are unicellular.
• C) Most bacteria have a cell wall that helps maintain the cell shape. The cell wall also protects the bacterial cell and prevents it from bursting.
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• D) Some bacteria contain a capsule. This is a gelatinous secretion which provides the cell with additional protection and helps the bacteria adhere to their host.
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• E) Some bacteria contain a flagellum which is like a tail anchored to the cell wall. The
flagellum works like a propeller and moves the bacteria through a fluid environment.
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Quick review
• What do bacteria have that keeps the cell from bursting?
• What helps some bacteria stick to their host?
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Quick review
• What do bacteria have that keeps the cell from bursting?Cell Wall
• What helps some bacteria stick to their host?Capsule
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• F) Reproduction:
• Binary Fission - asexual reproduction (no exchange of genetic material) in which the cell simply divides into two equal parts.
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• *bacterial growth is exponential
• 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 to _____ to _____ to _____
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• Conjugation – A way that genetic material is transferred from one bacteria to another through a tube.
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• II. Response to Oxygen • A) Some bacteria need oxygen: Aerobes • B) Some bacteria don’t: Anaerobes
• In fact, some anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of O2
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Quick Review
• How do bacteria exchange DNA?
• Do bacteria reproduce sexually or asexually?
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Quick Review
• How do bacteria exchange DNA?Through conjugation
• Do bacteria reproduce sexually or asexually?Asexually (Binary fission!)
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• III. Bacteria Fall Into One of Two Kingdoms
• A) Archaebacteria - Members of this small kingdom live only in extreme places such as high salt environments and hot acidic water of sulfur springs
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• B) Eubacteria - This is the larger group of “normal bacteria” , there are thousands of bacteria types in this group.
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Quick review
In what kingdom are “normal” bacteria categorized?
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Quick review
• In what kingdom are “normal” bacteria categorized?Eubacteria
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• Eubacteria may be:– A) photosynthetic ex. cyanobacteria– B) chemosynthetic- make their own – food using chemicals … or– C) heterotrophic – can’t make their own food
• Ex. Parasitic bacteria
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• A) Nitrogen Fixation - convert N2 gas into Ammonia
• B) Recycling of Nutrients (decomposition) - breakdown dead organic matter and return nutrients to the soil
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• The nodules on soybean roots contain Rhizobium bacteria that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia.
• Symbiosis: plant gains useable source of nitrogen/ bacteria use sugars supplied by the plant
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• C) Food
• - vinegar, yogurt, cheese, pickles
pepperoni sausage
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• D) Health• Probiotics – help to break down food in
your intestines
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Disease Causing Agents • A. It is estimated that half of all human disease is
caused by bacteria • B. Examples of bacterial disease:• -tuberculosis• -strep throat• - syphilis• -tetanus
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Bacteria: A Review
• Let’s Review what we’ve learned• Video• While watching the video write down
– Three ways in which bacteria are beneficial– Three ways in which bacteria can be harmful