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I can show you the worldsThe Science of Planetary Exploration
Anjali TripathiKirit KarkareSukrit Ranjan
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Earth
PlanetsStar
Planets
Solar SystemSun
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Outline
• Anjali: Robotically Exploring the Solar System
• Kirit: Detecting Extrasolar Planets
• Sukrit: The Search for Life Beyond Earth
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I can show you the worldsHow can we learn about the planets?
Anjali TripathiKirit KarkareSukrit Ranjan
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The Naked Eye
Tunc Tenzel (TWAN/The World at Night)
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NASA/JPL
Wellcome Library
Telescopes
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NASA/JPL
Wellcome Library
Telescopes
AIP
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NASA/JPL9
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Spacecraft!Spacecraft!
Unmanned, or robotic missions
NASA//ESA/ASI
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NASA/JPL
• Allow us to get a closer view
• Get measurements in place
SENSES in space
Orbiter
Flyby
Lander
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Voyager I & IIFlying by the Outer Solar
System
12
Voyager I & II
Imaging (WA/NA)
Spectrometers (UV/IR)
Photopolarimeter
PlasmaCosmic Ray
Radio/Plasma Wave Antenna
Magnetometers
Science Instruments
NASA/JPL
Golden Record
Flying by the Gas Giants
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Flying by the Gas GiantsVoyager I & II
NASA/JPL
Visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune
Voyager I & II
Sept ‘77 Aug ‘77
Mar ‘79
July ‘79
Nov ‘80
Aug ‘81
Jan ‘86
Aug ‘89
VOYAGER 1 VOYAGER 2
VOYAGER 1
VOYAGER 2
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jupiter has rings
discovery:
NASA/JPL
discoveries:
more moons
3 - jupiter3 - saturn
10 - uranus 6 - neptune
proteus
(neptune)
storms on neptune
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NASA/JPL
4,000,000,000 miles awayFebruary 14, 1990
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NASA/JPL
4,000,000,000 miles awayFebruary 14, 1990
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Not fare well,But fare forward, Voyagers.-- T. S. Eliot, The Dry Salvages
NASA/JPL
10,000,000,000 miles awayToday - Still going!
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Orbiting Saturn, Landing on TitanCassini-Huygens
NASA/ESA/ASI
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Orbiting Saturn, Landing on TitanCassini-Huygens
NASA/ESA/ASI
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NASA/JPL
Cassini-HuygensOrbiting Saturn
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NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Sept. 15, 2006
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You are here
NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
EARTH
Sept. 15, 2006
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discoveries
Enceladus
has icy jets
Prometheus
perturbs Saturn’s rings
NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
about Saturn’s moons:
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Voyager IISept. 4, 1981
1.3 million miles away
Phoebe
CassiniJune 11, 2004
1200 miles away
NASA/ESA/ASI
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water frost
NASA/ESA/ASI
a view from the ultraviolet
Phoebe Saturn’s Moon
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made of loose dust and ice particles
a view from the infrared - temperature
NASA/ESA/ASI
0
0.46 hours
0.91 hours
2.75 hours
3.16 hours
Time
day-night variation
Phoebe Saturn’s Moon
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originated in the Kuiper beltNASA/ESA/ASI
a view from the infrared - mineral distribution
Phoebe Saturn’s Moon
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HuygensLanding on Titan
• Imager
• Measure winds using radio
• Analyze the atmosphere
• Measure Titan’s surface
NASA/ESA/ASI
Cassini-
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Titan’s wind - the furthest sounds in the Solar System
descent unto Titan
NASA/ESA/ASI
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drainage channels
Titan has rain & flows
pebbles
hills
ESA/NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
lakes
of liquid methane
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NASA/JPL29
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NASA/JPL29
Gas giants
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NASA/JPL29
Rocky planets
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Spirit!
Opportunity!
NASA
Mars
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Mars Exploration RoversRemote Sensing Package Pancam
In-Situ Package Microscopic Imager
Rock Abrasion Tool
Magnetic properties experiment
NASA/JPL
Roving a Rocky World
In-Situ Package Microscopic Imager Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer Mössbauer Spectrometer Rock Abrasion Tool
Remote Sensing Package Pancam Mini-TES
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RAT hole water?
NASA/JPL/Cornell/USGS/U. MainzSpirit
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water?
different, rippled layers
blueberries
sulphates and standing water
flows
NASA/JPL/Cornell/MPI/U. Mainz
Meridiani Rock and Soil Sample
need water to form
Opportunity
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coming soon...
sample return
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NASA/JPL/Texas A&M/Cornell
worlds like our own and wildly different worlds.
Spacecraft help us sense
Sunset on MarsSpirit Rover
May 19, 2005
Voyager
Cassini Mars RoversHuygens
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I can show you the worldsDetecting Extrasolar Planets
Anjali TripathiKirit KarkareSukrit Ranjan
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Outline
• Why is exoplanet detection hard?• How do we detect exoplanets?• What have we found?
NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle
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I want to see an Exoplanet ...
Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, Rob Ratkowski
Can I just point a telescope at a nearby star?
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Jupiter and its Moons
Wikimedia
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Seeing Exoplanets is HARD!
• Other stars are far away• Planets are faint compared to stars
Alpha Centauri
ESO
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How can we see a planet?
John Johnson (Caltech)
Look for two effects on starlight:
Stellar wobbleTransit
Wikimedia
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Effect 1: TransitsA planet crossing a star dims the total light
Just like the transit of Venus
Wikimedia
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NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STSci)
Transits
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Transit Light Curve
Charbonneau et al. 2010
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Charbonneau et al. 2010 Leger et al 2009
Transit Light Curve
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Here at Harvard: MEarth
Zachory Berta (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA)
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The Kepler Mission
NASA
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Effect 2: Stellar Wobble
John Johnson (Caltech)
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The Doppler Effect
As the star moves back and forth, the colors of light change
Wikimedia
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The Nature of Light
Wikimedia
• Starlight is a mixture of colors
• Separate the colors with a prism
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How a Telescope Separates Colors
Steve Vogt (UCSC)
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Spectral Line
John Johnson (Caltech)
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Mass
Orbital period
Stellar Wobble Curve
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Stellar Wobble Curve
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Keck Telescopes
W. M. Keck Observatory
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Direct Imaging
NASA
• Block out the
starlight with a coronagraph
• Just like the sun
• Very recent advance
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HR 8799, Beta Pictoris
Wikimedia, ESO/A.-M. Lagrange et al.
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What Have We Found?
• 700+ planets!
• Strange properties
David Aguilar (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA)
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!"#$%#&'()*#+,-./)0,11,23)0,1"(
45)6"7)+'()*#+,-4)0,11,23)0,1"(
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51 Peg b
David Aguilar (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA) Seth Shostak (SETI)
GJ 1214 b
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NASA/Kepler mission/Wendy Stenzel
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I can show you the worldsAstrobiology: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Anjali TripathiKirit Karkare
Sukrit Ranjan
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Overview
• What is life? What are we looking for?
• Looking for life in our solar system
• Looking for life beyond our solar system (extrasolar planets)
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Overview
• What is life? What are we looking for?
• Looking for life in our solar system
• Looking for life beyond our solar system (extrasolar planets)
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What Do We Mean By Life?
• Metabolism– Consumes
nutrients, releases wastes
• Earthlike life– Fewer assumptions Wikimedia
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What is Earthlike Life?
• Liquid water • Carbon-based
Wikimedia
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Overview
• What is life? What are we looking for?
• Looking for life in our solar system
• Looking for life beyond our solar system (extrasolar planets)
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Life in Our Solar System? Mars
NASA
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Life in Our Solar System? Mars
NASA
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Wikimedia
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Life in Our Solar System? Europa
Wikimedia
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Life in Our Solar System? Europa
NASA/JPL
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Life in Our Solar System? Ganymede
Wikimedia
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Life in Our Solar System? Ganymede
NASA Wikimedia
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Overview
• What is life? What are we looking for?
• Looking for life in our solar system
• Looking for life beyond our solar system (extrasolar planets)
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Life in Other Solar Systems
NASA
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The Habitable Zone
• Habitable zone: distance from star where liquid water can exist– too close:
water boils– too far:
water freezes Wikimedia via PSU
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The Habitable Zone
• “Goldilocks Zone”• Depends on
brightness of star– Brighter stars:
further out– Dimmer stars:
closer inWikimedia via PSU
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How Do We Look For Life Lightyears Away?
• Life modifies its environment– “Biosignatures”
• Carl Sagan: Galileo Experiment
NASA/JPL/JHU
Galileo Spacecraft
Galileo’s View of Earth
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Biosignatures
• Most detectable feature in Earth’s atmosphere: methane
• Methane in the presence of oxygen is unstable
Wikimedia
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
• White light is made up of light of many different wavelengths (colors)
Wikimedia
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
• Substances imprint “fingerprints” on light
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
• Substances imprint “fingerprints” on lightSpectrum
Wikimedia
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
• Substances imprint “fingerprints” on light
Cold gasAbsorption Spectrum
Spectrum
Wikimedia
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
• Substances imprint “fingerprints” on light
Hot gas
Cold gasAbsorption Spectrum
Emission Spectrum
Spectrum
Wikimedia
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
H
Wikimedia
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
H
He
Wikimedia
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Spectroscopy: Identifying Chemicals From Afar
H
He
Fe
Wikimedia
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Transmission Spectroscopy
Wikimedia/A Feild, STSci & NASA
absorption line spectrumStarlight filters through the planet’s
sodium rich atmosphere.
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Transmission Spectroscopy
• Many substances detected for big planets– Water, methane,
sodium...
• Race on to find and study small planets
NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STSci)
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Towards Earthlike Worlds: The MEarth Project
GJ1214B - steam planetSTSci
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Tagxedo.comI can show you the worlds
wobble
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Thank you!SITN would like to acknowledge the following
organizations for their generous support.
Harvard Medical SchoolOffice of Communications and External Relations
Division of Medical Sciences
The Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS)
The Harvard GSAS Graduate Student Council (GSC)
The Harvard Biomedical Graduate Students Organization (BGSO)
The Harvard/MIT COOP