Download - Humboldt Regional Organic Waste Digester California Integrated Waste Management Board July 14, 2009
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Humboldt Regional Organic Waste Digester
California Integrated
Waste Management Board
July 14, 2009
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Purpose:
Divert food waste from landfills
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Why Divert Food Waste?
• ~20% of waste stream
• Develop diversion infrastructure:– AB 939 compliance– Population growth– Future legislation (AB 479)
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions – Landfills emit methane– Waste trucked 190 miles one-way
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Diversion Potential
Source: HWMA quarterly reports, waste auditsSource: HWMA quarterly reports, waste audits
Assumes 100% captureAssumes 100% capture
SourceEstimated
Tons / year Diversion
Arcata and Eureka Commercial
5,500 10%
Arcata and Eureka Residential & Commercial
9,000 20%
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Food Waste Characteristics
• Wet
• Heavy
• Putrefies quickly
• Contains energy
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Food Waste = Energy
75% H2O
25% Total Solids
85% volatile solids (VS)
15% fixed solids (FS)
VS + A.D. = CH4 + CO2
RENEWABLE ENERGY!!!
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Renewable Energy Potential
Gas Yields of Various Organic Materials (m3 gas/ton)
25 36
50 55
70 75 80
90 102 110
120 129
170 195 202
220 400
550 660
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Cattle manure Pig manure
Poultry Whey
Fooder beet Beets
Vinasse Suger beet silage
Grass 1. Cut Green waste
Bio waste bio-bin Brewers‘ grain
Corn silage (pasty) Grass silage 1. Cut
Corn silage Food waste
Flotated fats Rape seed cake
Residual fats
Courtesy of M-Con Bio and Farmatic biotech energy ag
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Food Waste in Landfills
• Methane (CH4)– ~23 x more powerful than CO2
• Uncontrolled CH4 emissions – Food waste decomposes: 4 months– Collection systems installed: 2-5 years – Variable LFG capture efficiency
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Diversion Options:
Food Banks
Pig Farms
Composting
Anaerobic Digestion
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Existing Diversion• Food banks
• Pre-consumer waste only
• Pig farms• Pre-consumer or post-consumer + treatment • Limited in local capacity• Produce high-strength waste
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Food Waste Composting
• Aerobic decomposition• Produces soil amendment• Green waste used as bulking agent
• Process time 90 – 180 days• Emits some CH4, N2O, VOC• Kills pathogens
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Local Compost Challenges
• Competition for green waste
• Food waste prohibited
• Odors
• VOC emissions
• Large footprint
• High rainfall levels
• Aerobic conditions = high energy inputs
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Anaerobic Digestion
• Oxygen-free environment• Mature technology
– Wastewater treatment plants– Dairies & pig farms
• Produces biogas (CH4 +CO2)• Reduces VOCs• Positive net energy balance
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Benefits:
• Renewable energy – Captures CH4
• Shorter process time• 25 vs. 120 days
• Smaller footprint• 3 vs. 20 acres
• Reduces waste• Soil amendment
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Challenges:
• Permitting
• Collection
• Contamination
• Residuals
• Cost efficiencyBottle CapBottle Cap
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Food Waste Digestion
• 70 in Europe
• East Bay Municipal Utility District
• Toronto
• UC Davis*
• Inland Empire*
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Options:• Dedicated food waste digester + compost
• Co-digest with municipal sludge at WWTP
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Hauling
Preprocessing facility
Lifter & Conveyor Belt Screening and
Chopping Buffer tank Plastics
Metals
Digester
Gas
Liquids & Solids
Combined Heat and Power
Heat Electricity
Onsite Grid Digester Landfill Land apply
Collection
Food Slurry
Compost
Food Waste Diversion Flow Diagram
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Digester Feed Stocks
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Digester Feed Stocks
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Digester Feed Stocks
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Digester Feed Stocks
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Digester Feed Stocks
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Scenarios
ScenarioTons waste
per yearDescription
A 4268 FOG + Whey + 50% Arcata & Eureka Commercial
B 7554FOG + Whey + 50% of Arcata & Eureka Commercial +
50% County commercial
C 9919FOG + Whey + 100% of Arcata & Eureka Commercial +
50% County commercial
D 11363FOG + Whey + 50% of Arcata & Eureka Commercial +
50% County commercial + 100% of Del Norte Commercial
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Life Cycle Cost
Scenario Digester
(Million $)Business-as-Usual
(Million $)
A $6.5 $3.6
B $8.4 $8.3
C $8.7 $11.7
D $9.6 $13.8
LCC
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Renewable Energy
•Assumes 35% generator efficiencyAssumes 35% generator efficiency
•Assumes 25% parasitic loadAssumes 25% parasitic load
Scenario MWh/year # CA house equivalents
A 888 126
B 1,569 223
C 2,059 293
D 2,359 335
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$$$Annual savings and Revenues
ScenarioHauling savings
($/year)
Offset Grid Energy at WWTP
($/year)*
Renewable Energy Sold to PG&E ($/year)
A $79,000 $85,000 $0
B $188,000 $105,000 $13,500
C $267,000 $105,000 $48,500
D $316,000 $105,000 $70,000
*Assumes $0.10/ kWh
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GHG Reductions
•Assumes 0.7 MT CO2e / MT food waste (CCX)•Assumes 0.524 lbs CO2 / kWh (PG&E)
Carbon Emissions Reductions
Scenario
Avoided long-haul trucking
(lbs CO2/year)
Fossil power replacement (lbs CO2/year)
Avoided landfill gas
(lbs CO2/year)
A 215,000 434,000 17,319,000
B 541,000 767,000 41,392,000
C 729,000 1,007,000 58,711,000
D 861,000 1,153,000 69,288,000
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Project Development Plan
• Organic Waste Resource Analysis• Permitting – EPA Region 9• Pilot collection• Phase 1: Demonstration and testing
– Efficient pre-processing– Appropriate technology– Residuals management alternatives
• Phase 2: Expand to regional scale
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To conclude…
• Project Benefits include:– Divert waste from landfills– Generate renewable energy– Reduce GHG emissions– Retain $$$ in County – Create jobs– Increase regional sustainability
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Acknowledgements• Gary Bird - City of Eureka • Clay Yerby, Gerry Snead - Elk River WWTP• Kurt Gierlich - City of Eureka • Paul Suto, Sophia Scota – East Bay MUD• Charles Chamberlin, Arne Jacobson – HSU• Cara Peck – US EPA Region 9 • Josh Rapport - UC Davis • Mike Leggins, Chris Choate - Recology • Brown and Cauldwell – Eureka WWTP Engineers • Dufferin Organics Processing Facility• BTA Processing – Canada Composting• Cedar Grove & Jepson Prairie composting facilities • Andrew Jolin – HWMA Mad River Composting Facility• Hambro Forest Products• Del Norte Solid Waste Management Authority
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Questions?
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AB 32: Emissions Reductions Goals
• State-wide: 146.7 MMTCO2e
• Local government: 15% by 2020
• Waste sector goal: 10 MMTCO2e
Annual tons food waste in the California waste stream (CIWMB)
MMTCO2e / year
% of AB 32 emissions
reductions
9,663,405 7.5 3%
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Source: Year% Food Waste in Total Disposed Waste Stream
% Food Waste in Commercial Sector
Scale
Humboldt County Source Reduction and Recycling Element 1992 N/A 18.62 County-wideCalifornia Integrated Waste Management Board 1999 N/A 17.2 County-wideCalifornia Integrated Waste Management Board 2004 14.6 18.8 State wideCalifornia Integrated Waste Management Board 2008 14.4 15.2 State-wideUS EPA 2007 18.2 N/A Nation-wideAlameda County Waste Characterization 1995 10.5 14.9 County-wide
Alameda County Waste Characterization 2000 11.9 16.2 County-wideAlameda County Waste Characterization 2008 18.7 26.1 County-wideOregon Statewide Waste Characterization 2005/2006 15.73 N/A State-wideMarion County Waste Characterization 1998 15.34 N/A County-wideMarion County Waste Characterization 2002 17.66 N/A County-wideMarion County Waste Characterization 2005 20.54 N/A County-wideAverage 16 18
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Major costs for digestion Cost per unit ($)
Building ($/ft2) w/slab $100
50' Truck weighing scales $32,700
Foundation for scales inclu. Const. $20,000
Print Kiosk (for weight records) $4,000
Software capable of running reports $10,000
PC computer $2,000
Card Scanner $5,000
Odor control system $85,000
Front-end loader $118,000
Pre-processing equipment $450,000
Metering Pumps $40,000
Peristaltic pumps $90,000
Trommel screen $110,000
Buffer tank ($/ft3) $9
Digester ($/ft3) $9
Mixers $40,000
Post digestion tank (for gravity separation) ($/ft3) $9
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Gas collection equipment $75,000
H2S Scrubber Tank $5,000
H2S scrubber media (Sulfa Treat) $5,760
Solids drying area ($/ft2) concrete slab $30
Monitoring equipment (SCADA) $100,000
Engineering Planning and Design $250,000
Permitting $100,000
EIR $250,000
New Full Solid Waste Permit $6,300
Geotechnical analysis $17,500
Wetland deliniation $17,500
Land Preparation $30,000
Infrastructure (fencing) ($/linear foot) $35
Infrastructure (roads) ($/ft2) $12
Program Design $100,000
New Water Service $110
Access Gates $10,000
Balance of systems (contingency) 30% of total capital
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O&M CostsO&M costs Cost per unit
Labor ($/hour) $22
Supervision and training ($/hour) $30
Insurance ($/year) $15,000
Water ($/750 gallons) $2.84
Iron sponge media replacement ($/year) 4,160
Equipment maintenance 50,000
Solids management ($/ton) 41
New Wastewater disposal permit fee (good for first 3 years) 450
Waste water disposal permit fee (not new) 250
Waste water disposal fee ($/lb BOD) 1
Solid waste permit annual inspection fee 3,788
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Funding Options
• Regional partners share funding– Bonds or low-interest loans– Complete ownership– Revenues and “green attributes” allocated to facility owners
• Public/Private partnership– Shared ownership and operation – Shared benefits from “green attributes”– Shared revenues
• Performance contractors– Delayed ownership – option to buy after 6 years– “Green attributes” and revenues allocated to owner– Flat rate electricity at just below utility rate
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Feed-in Tariff
• AB 1969 – “requires all electrical corporations to file with the CPUC a standard tariff to provide for payment for every kilowatt hour (kWh) of renewable energy output produced at an eligible electric generation facility”
• CPUC Decision 07-07-027– Tariffs and standard contracts for the
purchase of renewable energy from WWTPs
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Feed-in Tariff
• PG&E: 104 MW capacity allocation to WWTPs• PG&E: 104 MW allocation to non-WWTPs• Rates based on:
– # kWh sold– Time of delivery – MPR set by CPUC– 10, 15, 20 year contracts
• Interconnection through FERC SGIP• “Green Attributes”
– To facility for generated RE they use on site– To IOU for RE sold to grid
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Analysis Data & Inputs
• HWMA records• CIWMB• EPA region 9• Food waste digestion projects & case studies
– EBMUD– Dufferin Organics– NewMarket– UC Davis
• Eureka WWTP • Brown & Caldwell • Equipment manufacturers• Eureka City Garbage, Nor Cal
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Regional Waste Streams