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2077/03/31
Human Respiratory system
Dr. Nirajan Neupane (ZNN)
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Respiratory systemAnatomy
• Nose & PNS
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs & pleura
• Diaphragm and muscles
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NoseLined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• Divided into external nares ,nasal cavity and internal nares
• Nasal cavity : two nasal chambers by a nasal septum
• Nasal septum forms medial wall of each nasal chamber;
• bony-cartilaginous structure : septal cartilage(hyaline) ,vomer ,perpendicular plate of ethmoid etc
• Roof : cribriform plate of ethmoid
• Floor : palatine bones,maxillae
• Lateral wall : nasal turbinates/concha
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• Vestibular region
• Respiratory region : highly vascular
• Olfactory region
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• Filters, warms, moistens or humidifies air i.e. air conditioning
• Smell
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Paranasal sinuses
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• Filters, warms, humidifies or moistens air
• Vocal resonance
• Reduction of weight of skull
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Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Behind noseBehind mouth( uvula to
epiglottis)Behind larynx(c3-c6)
Air Food & air Food
PSCCE nKSSE nKSSE
ET
Nasopharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsilsPalatine tonsils(2) No
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LarynxVoice box
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Trachea10-12 cm
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Made up of 16-20 c-shaped hyaline cartilage
Trachealis muscle
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Bronchi
• Plates of cartilage
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SmallerAirways
• Bronchioles
• T. Bronchioles
• R. Bronchioles
• Alveolar duct
• Alveolar sac
• Alveoli
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Lungs & pleura
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Physiology of respiration
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• Breathing
• Gas exchange at alveoli
• Gaseous transport
• Gas exchange at tissue
• Cellular respiration
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Mechanics of breathing
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Spirometers / PFTVolumes & capacities
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Gas exchange
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Respiratory epithelium is
a. non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
b. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
c. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
d.simple squamous epithelium
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Bronchioles are lined by
a. simple ciliated columnar
b. simple ciliated cuboidal
c. simple cuboidal
d. All
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Olfactory region contains
a. Bowman’s glands
b. Bowman’s layer
c. Bowman’s capsule
d. Bipolar neuron
e.schneiderian membrane
f. All except b & c
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All the cartilages of respiratory systems are hyaline except
a. Septal & alar cartilages
b. ECC
c. ATC
d. Tracheal rings
e. Bronchial plates
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Nose bleeding is called
a. Epistasis
b. Epistaxis
c. Hemoptysis
d. Hematemesis
e. Hematuria
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Type II pulmonary epithelial cell secretes
a.mucus
b.surfactant
c.heparin
d.polypeptide
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IVC pierces the diaphragm at what vertebral level ?
a. T6
b. T8
c. T10
d. T12
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During inspiration diaphragm
a. Contracts
b. Relaxes
c. Does nothing
d. Expands
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In inspiration IPP becomes
a. Less negative
b. More positive
c. More negative
d. Same as expiratory level
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Rate of breathing in an adult human is
a. 10-12/min
b. 14-18/min
c. 20-25/min
d. 25-30/min
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Which of the following is not responsible for causing right shift of O-D curve
a. Increased CO2
b. Temperature
c. Exercise
d. Alkalosis
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The decrease in O2 affinity of Hb when Ph of blood fall is called
a. Bohr’s effect
b. Haldane effect
c. Hamburger effect
d. Chloride shift
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