How were the diplomacy tactics of Roosevelt different from Wilson’s?Russo-Japanese WarRoosevelt CorollaryDollar DiplomacyWilson’s Missionary DiplomacyProblems in Mexico
Russo-Japanese War
1904 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia declared war on Japan
Both imperialist powers competing for control of Korea
Japanese surprise attacked Russian Pacific fleet and destroyed it
Japan then destroyed second fleet sent as reinforcement
Japan won a series of land battles, securing Korea and Manchuria
As result, Japan began running out of men and money
Japanese officials approached Roosevelt in secret and asked him to mediate peace negotiations
He agreed and in 1905, Russian and Japanese delegates convened at Portsmouth, New Hampshire
The first meeting took place in the President’s yacht
Japanese wanted Sakhalin Island and a large sum of money from Russia
Russia refused Roosevelt persuaded Japan to accept half of
the island and forgo the cash payment Russia agreed to let Japan take over Russian
interests in Manchuria and Korea
The successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize
As US and Japanese interest expanded in East Asia, the two nations continued diplomatic talks
In later agreements, they pledged to respect each other’s possessions and interest in East Asia and the Pacific
U.S. and Latin America
Financial factors drew US into Latin American affairs
Latin American nations had borrowed from European banks to build railroads and develop industries
Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted on their loans, European nations would intervene
He was determined to make US predominant power in the Caribbean and Central America
Remember the Monroe Doctrine?
He reminded them of the Monroe Doctrine in which European nations couldn’t interfere Latin American affairs
Roosevelt based his Latin America policy on a West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Roosevelt Corollary in 1904
Added to the Monroe Doctrine U.S. may use force to protect its
economic interests in Latin America “international police power”
Involvement in Latin American Affairs
1911 – Nicaragua has rebellion that leaves the nation near bankruptcy
Taft arranged for bankers to loan money in exchange for control of Nicaragua’s railroad and its national bank
People revolt against their president, Adolfo Diaz because of this
2,000 marines were sent to Nicaragua Revolt was put down, but marines
remained in the country until 1933
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
The Taft administration followed the policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople
The policy was called Dollar diplomacy by critics and was often used to justify keeping European powers out of Caribbean
Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
Moral responsibility to deny recognition of Latin American gov. viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interest
Before, US recognized any government that controlled a nation
Pressured nations in Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments
Mexican Revolution
Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz Dictator for 3
decades Encouraged
foreign investments
As a result, foreigners owned large share of Mexican oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches
Foreign investors, some Mexican landowners, and politicians had grown rich, the common people of the country were poor.
Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero 1911 – he and
followers overthrow Diaz
promised democratic reforms
General General Victoriano Huerta Victoriano Huerta
Took over after 2 years of Madero’s rule
Wilson refused to recognize his government
Intervention in Mexico
“watchful waiting” April 1914 - Huerta’s officers arrested
a small group of American sailors Mexicans quickly released them and
apologized but Wilson used the incident as excuse to send marines to occupy Veracruz
18 Americans and at least 200 Mexicans died during the invasion and it brought the US and Mexico close to war
It was proposed that Huerta step down and that US troops withdraw without paying Mexico for damages
Mexico rejected the plan, and Wilson refused to recognize a government that had come to power as a result of violence
Huerta regime collapsed and Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader, became president in 1915
Wilson withdrew the troops and formally recognized the Carranza government
Rebellion in Mexico
Francisco “Pancho” Francisco “Pancho” VillaVilla
Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata “it is better to die on
your feet than live on your knees”
Villa’s followers raided Columbia, New Mexico, and killed 17 Americans
Americans demanding revenge, Wilson ordered Brigadier General John J. Pershing and a force of about 15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive
As Wilson sends national guardsmen, Mexicans become angry about “US Invasion”
In June 1916, US troops clashed with Carranza’s army, resulting in deaths on both sides
As neither back down, war seems imminent
The US facing war in Europe needed peace on it’s southern border
In February 1917, Wilson ordered Pershing to return home
Later, Mexico adopted a constitution that gave the government control of the nation’s oil and mineral resources and placed strict regulations on foreign investors
Carranza failed to carry out many of the reforms in the new constitution and lead oppressively until 1920
1920: Alvaro Obregon came to powerMarked the end of civil war Beginning of reform
U.S. intervention in Mexican affairs provided a clear model of American imperialist attitudes in the early years of the 20th century
Americans believed in the superiority of free-enterprise democracy, and the American government attempted to extend the reach of this economic and political system, even through armed intervention