Why  we  age,  and  how  to  extend  your  enjoyable  lifespan  by  2  years  using  your  cell  phone

Alex  Backer,  Ph.D.

Founder  &  CEO

ab|invenGo,  the  invenGon  factory

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Animals  have  a  GeneGc  Program  to  Age  

• If  you  knock  aging  genes  off,  a  worm  will  live  twice  as  long.

Leni  Guarente  (MIT),  Cori  Bargmann  (UCSF),  Cynthia  Kenyon  (UCSF),  Javier  Apfeld  (Harvard)

Aging  makes  you  fiZer

• Knocking  out  a  gene  is  easy  for  evoluGon  to  do.

• These  animals  evolved  to  age,  i.e.  genomes  of  animals  with  the  aging  gene  outcompeted  those  without  it.

• Why?  How?

EvoluGon  has  opGmized  the  geneGc  distance  between  generaGons

• Too  liZle  variaGon,  and  evoluGon  is  too  slow  and  species  cannot  adapt  to  changing  environments  fast  enough.

• Too  much,  and  most  progeny  will  not  survive.

The  apple  doesn’t  fall  far  from  the  tree  -­‐-­‐but  it  can’t  fall  too  close,  either.

The  opGmal  geneGc  distance  between  generaGons  varies  with  fitness  &  environmental  change

• The  happier  you  are  in  your  environment,  the  less  incenGve  to  change  your  genes  for  your  progeny

• The  more  the  environment  has  changed  since  your  genes  were  tested  growing  up,  and  the  more  trouble  you  are  having,  the  more  a  genome  should  be  willing  to  experiment  with  change

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Gametes  accrue  mutaGons  over  a  

GeneGc  distance  between  generaGons  increases  with  parents’  age

Stress  induces  Aging

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• But  if  there  is  an  opGmal  geneGc  distance  between  generaGons  &  if  geneGc  distance  between  generaGons  increases  with  parents’  age...

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Then  maGng  must  occur  during  a  given  age  range

• It  follows  that  maGng  must  iniGally  increase  and  then  decrease  with  age

• MaGng  indeed  decreases  with  age  by:– Aging-­‐related  inability  to  mate  (menopause)

– Aging-­‐related  decrease  in  aZracGveness

– Aging-­‐related  decrease  in  libido

– Aging-­‐related  death

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• But  if  the  old’s  progeny  are  less  fit,  why  not  let  natural  selecGon  take  care  of  them  instead  of  aging  their  parents?

Most  of  animal  

evoluGon  happened  while  living  in  closely  related  clans

• The  old  parents’  progeny’s  inferior  fitness  may  not  be  evident  unGl  later  in  life,  while  they  consume  resources  (parenGng,  food,  …)  that  reduce  their  fiZer  siblings’  chance  of  survival.

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So  now  that  we  now  why  we  age,  can  we  do  anything  to  extend  our  enjoyable  lifeGme?

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The  average  American  spends  two  years  of  her  life  wai7ng  in  line

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We’ve  Been  Standing  in  Line  for  at  least  3  Millennia

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waiGnginlinesucks.com

• During  the  duraGon  of  the  World  Cup,  QLess  will  offer  all  new  customers  who  menGon  H+  2  installaGons  for  the  price  of  1,  and  will  donate  50%  of  the  associated  revenues  toward  research  that  can  help  prolong  enjoyable  life

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Gehng  the  human  body  to  achieve  100%  upGmeLessons  from  soiware

• QLess  has  a  greater  than  99.99%  upGme  record  -­‐-­‐never  down  for  more  than  3  min

• Can’t  the  human  body  achieve  the  same?

• The  secret  is  redundancy

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Proposing  redundant  organs  for  all  vital  organs  by  2020,  with failover systems with

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CiGzen  Science

• Scientific publishing is outdated.• The world needs a wikipedia for

original research, where:– Publication dissociated from peer review– Live documents can be continually updated– Publon as small as its author deems it– Ideas can see the light of day sooner– Everybody can contribute

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Introducing...

everybodyscience.org

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