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How do prolonged wakefulness and alcohol
compare in thedecrements they produce on a
simulated driving task?
Professor: LiuStudent: Ruby
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一、 Purpose
The scholars want to know performance in the driving simulator to impairments produced by several BAC stages.
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二、 Solving the problem
To compare the effects of alcohol and prolonged wakefulness on driving performance.
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三、 ReferencesYear Scholar Point
19951998
198819941990
Pack et al.US Department of TransportationMitler et al.Summala and Mikkol
aSchwing
When the driver falling asleep during
between 23:00, 3:00 and 7:00, and older driver in the mid afternoon always have the crashes.
1997 Dawson and Reid
To compare the performance decrements due to alcohol and
keep wakefulness.1. serial 19h wakefulness
performance=BAC of 0.05%2. serial 24h wakefulness
performance=BAC of 0.1%
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三、 References
1997
1996
Dawson and Reid
Arnedt and MacLean
Compare the performance of two groups of subjects on a simulator.G1: alcohol (0.00, 0.05, 0.08%)
G2: prolong wakefulness (24:00, 02:30, 05:00 and 07:30)
Year Scholar Point
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四、 Methods Subjects• 18 males• 19-35 years old• Standard of the subjects:Good health; non-smoking; driving license; regular sleep schedule; no evidence of alcohol and drug abuse; normal daytime sleepiness.• Drug and alcohol were prohibited before 48h
to the first test.• Avoiding caffeine ingestion before 24h to each
experimental days.
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四、 Methods-Dependent Measures
• Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)-Current level of sleepiness of a series of
descriptors.• Modified Stanford Scale (MSS)-
Current level of sleepiness of 24 questions and respond yes/no which identified two factors.1.An energic or activating factor2.Related to consciousness sleepiness and a loss of
control over remaining awake.
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四、 Methods-Performance• Driving simulator1. 4 lane road2. Speed limits between 70-100
km/h3. Tester stays right hand lane4. There were no other car on the
road
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四、 Methods-Performance• Dependent measure:1.Tracking-the deviation in feet of
the center.2.Tracking variability-S.D.3.Speed deviation-different between
the simulator and speed limit.4.Speed variability-S.D. 5.Off-road incidents
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四、 Methods-Steps• 1h training session before 48 h on the
first day.• 3 experimental conditions (0.00, 0.05,
0.08%)3 test conditions at the same time-of-day (14:00, 17:00, 20:00) using Latin Square designs.
• The subjects can’t know the beverage concentration.
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四、 Methods-Steps• On the experimental days, tester get
20min training session. • two 250-ml drinks containing either
only tonic water or tonic water mixed with 100% ethyl alcohol (USP).
• Alcohol were calculated the tester’s body water which is computed from the height, weight and age of each subject.
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四、 Methods-Steps• 30min to drink the beverage.• Taking 30min break after drinking
then complete the SSS and the MSS, and drive 30min. Completing the SSS and MSS after driving.
• At the final of each test day, subjects have to fill the checklist which is about the beverage concentration. (testers didn’t believe that they were cheated by the beverage.)
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五、 Results
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五、 Results• Significant differences (increase
alcohol):1.Tracking variability increased2. speed deviation decreased (drove
faster)3. speed variability increased4. number of off-road increased
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五、 Results• BAC 0.00-0.05%-tracking variability
and off-road events• BAC 0.00-0.08%- tracking variability,
speed variability and off-road events• BAC 0.05-0.08%- tracking variability
and off-road eventsPerformance decreased within the 30min driving. Time-of-day were absent.
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五、 Results
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六、 Discussion• Alcohol produce the impairment on
the driving simulator.• Alcohol has been found to produce
impairments on the psychomotor tasks (tracking and RT)
• Performance decreases in 30min driving test which is relative to alcohol and sleep loss.
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六、 Discussion• After consuming alcohol have the
sleepiness at time 23:00-07:00, 14:00-17:00 and midnight which fatigue accidents are likely to occur during these times.