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How Congress Works
Insider’s Guide to the 112th Congress
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Katherine Hayes, JDAssociate Research Professor
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How Congress Works: Learning Objectives
• Who are the leaders in Congress?• What are the roles of committees in Congress?• What are the major health committees and
subcommittees?• Roles of Congressional agencies
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Congressional Leaders - House
Majority party – party with more than half of congressional seats
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Minority party – party with less than half of congressional seats
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House Floor Leaders
• Speaker• Majority leader –
majority party’s floor leader
• Majority Whip – assist majority leader
• Minority Leader – minority party’s floor leader
• Minority Whip – assists minority leader
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Speaker of The House
• Overall leader
• Member majority Party
• In charge of nearly everything that occurs in House
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John Boehner (OH)Speaker of the House
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House Majority Leaders
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Eric Cantor (VA)
Majority Leader
Kevin McCarthy (CA)Majority Whip
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House Minority Floor Leaders
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Nancy Pelosi (CA) Minority Leader
Stenny Hoyer (MD)Minority Whip
Jim Clyburn (SC)Assistant Minority Leader
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Senate Majority Floor Leaders
Dick Durbin (IL)
Majority Whip
Harry Reid (NV)
Majority Leader
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Senate Minority Floor LeadersJon Kyl (AZ) Asst. Minority
Leader
Mitch McConnell (KY)
Minority Leader
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President of the Senate
Vice President is President of the Senate
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Joe Biden
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Committee Membership
• Committee leaders (Chairs) are members of majority party
• Majority gets over half the seats on a committee
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Seniority System
• System where committees assignments given to those with the longest time in Congress
• Committee chairperson usually committee member in the majority with the most time in Congress (although not always)
• Minority is usually called ranking minority member or vice chair
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Key House Committees
• House Budget Committee• House Appropriations Committee• Authorizing Committees
– Energy & Commerce– Ways & Means
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House Budget Committee
• Budget Resolution – Not sent to President– Hearings on fiscal year (FY) federal budget –
agency heads and interested parties testify on funding levels for federal programs
– Mark-up of Budget Resolution - drafts budget resolution for current FY 2011
– Manages budget resolution on House floor
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Members House Budget CommitteeRepublicans
Paul Ryan (WI-01), Chairman
Scott Garrett (NJ-05), Vice-Chairman
Mike Simpson (ID-02), Appropriations Designee
John Campbell (CA-48)
Ken Calvert (CA-44), Appropriations Designee
Todd Akin (MO-02)
Tom Cole (OK-04), Appropriations Designee
Tom Price (GA-06), Ways & Means Designee
Tom McClintock (CA-04)
Jason Chaffetz (UT-03)
Marlin Stutzman (IN-03)
James Lankford (OK-05)
Diane Black (TN-06), Ways & Means Designee
Reid Ribble (WI-08)
Bill Flores (TX-17)
Mick Mulvaney (SC-05)
Tim Huelskamp (KS-01)
Todd Young (IN-09)
Justin Amash (MI-03)
Todd Rokita (IN-04)
Frank Guinta (NH-01)
Rob Woodall (GA-07)*, Rules Designee
DemocratsChris Van Hollen (MD-08), Ranking Member
Allyson Schwartz (PA-13)
Marcy Kaptur (OH-09)
Lloyd Doggett (TX-25), Ways & Means Designee
Earl Blumenauer (OR-03), Ways & Means Designee
Betty McCollum (MN-04)
John Yarmuth (KY-03)
Bill Pascrell (NJ-08)
Mike Honda (CA-15)
Tim Ryan (OH-17)
Debbie Wasserman Schultz (FL-20)
Gwen Moore (WI-04)
Kathy Castor (FL-11)
Heath Shuler (NC-11)
Karen Bass (CA-33)
Suzanne Bonamici (OR-01)
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House Appropriations Committee
• Sets subcommittee allocations for subcommittee for each fiscal year
• 12 Subcommittees • Health-related Subcommittees
– Labor HHS – Medicare, Medicaid, Public Health, including funding for 330 grants
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Members House Appropriations Subcommittee – Labor, HHS
RepublicansDenny Rehberg, Montana
Jerry Lewis, California
Rodney Alexander, Louisiana
Jack Kingston, Georgia
Kay Granger, Texas
Michael K. Simpson, Idaho
Jeff Flake, Arizona
Cynthia M. Lummis, Wyoming
DemocratsRosa L. DeLauro, Connecticut
Nita M. Lowey, New York
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., Illinois
Lucille Roybal-Allard, California
Barbara Lee, California
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House Energy & Commerce Committee
• Public Health Service Act (CDC, NIH, HRSA, Private insurance) Section 330 grants
• Food and Drug Administration (Drugs and devices)• Medicaid and Child Health Insurance Program – FQHC
payments• Medicare – FQHC Payments
– Part B (physician and outpatient hospital, home health, etc.)
– Part C (Medicare Advantage – private private insurers offering all Medicare benefits)
– Part D (private insurers offering prescription drug coverage)
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Members House Energy & Commerce
RepublicansFred Upton (MI)
Joe Barton (TX)
Cliff Stearns (FL)
Ed Whitfield (KY)
John Shimkus (IL)
Joseph R. Pitts (PA)
Mary Bono Mack (CA)
Greg Walden (OR)
Lee Terry (NE)
Mike Rogers (MI)
Sue Myrick (NC)
John Sullivan (OK)
Tim Murphy (PA)
Michael Burgess (TX)
Marsha Blackburn (TN)
Brian P. Bilbray (CA)
Charles F. Bass (NH)
Phil Gingrey (GA)
Steve Scalise (LA)
Bob Latta (OH)
Cathy McMorris Rodgers (WA)
Gregg Harper (MS)
Leonard Lance (NJ)
Bill Cassidy (LA)
Brett Guthrie (KY)
Pete Olson (TX)
David McKinley (WV)
Cory Gardner (CO)
Mike Pompeo (KS)
Adam Kinzinger (IL)
Morgan Griffith (VA)
DemocratsHenry A. Waxman (CA)
John D. Dingell (MI)
Edward J. Markey (MA)
Edolphus Towns (NY)
Frank Pallone, Jr. (NJ)
Bobby L. Rush (IL)
Anna G. Eshoo (CA)
Eliot L. Engel (NY)
Gene Green (TX)
Diana DeGette (CO)
Lois Capps (CA)
Michael F. Doyle (PA)
Jan Schakowsky (IL)
Charles A. Gonzalez (TX)
Tammy Baldwin (WI)
Mike Ross (AR)
Jim Matheson (UT)
G. K. Butterfield (NC)
John Barrow (GA)
Doris O. Matsui (CA)
Donna Christensen (VI)
Kathy Castor (FL)
John Sarbanes (MD)
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House Ways & Means Committee• Internal Revenue Code (Insurance deductibility, exclusion and
tax credits)• Medicare
– Part A (hospitals and other inpatient providers)– Parts of part B (outpatient hospital, home health, not
physicians)– Part C (Medicare Advantage – private insurers offering all
Medicare benefits)– Part D (Private insurers offering prescription drug
coverage)
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Members House Ways & Means
RepublicansDave Camp, MI, Chairman
Wally Herger, CA
Sam Johnson, TX
Kevin Brady, TX
Paul Ryan, WI
Devin Nunes, CA
Pat Tiberi, OH
Geoff Davis, KY
Dave G. Reichert, WA
Charles W. Boustany Jr., LA
Peter J. Roskam, IL
Jim Gerlach, PA
Tom Price, GA
Vern Buchanan, FL
Adrian Smith, NE
Aaron Schock, IL
Lynn Jenkins, KS
Erik Paulsen, MN
Kenny Marchant, TX
Rick Berg, ND
Diane Black, TN
Tom Reed, NY
DemocratsSander Levin, MI Ranking Member
Charles B. Rangel, NY*
Fortney Pete Stark, CA
Jim McDermott, WA
John Lewis, GA
Richard E. Neal, MA
Xavier Becerra, CA
Lloyd Doggett, TX
Mike Thompson, CA
John B. Larson, CT
Earl Blumenauer, OR
Ron Kind, WI
Bill Pascrell Jr., NJ
Shelley Berkley, NV
Joseph Crowley, NY
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Key Senate Committees
• Senate Budget Committee• Senate Appropriations Committee• Committees of Jurisdiction
– Finance– Health, Education, Labor & Pensions
• Senate Rules Committee
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Senate Budget Committee
• Reports Budget Resolution– Holds hearings on fiscal year (FY)budget –
Agency heads and interested parties testify on funding levels for federal programs
– Drafts budget resolution for current fiscal year (FY 2011)
– Manages budget resolution on House floor
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Members Senate Budget Committee
DemocratsKent Conrad, (Chair) South Dakota
Patty Murray, Washington
Ron Wyden, Oregon
Bill Nelson, Florida
Debbie Stabenow, Michigan
Benjamin L. Cardin, Maryland
Bernie Sanders, Vermont
Sheldon Whitehouse, Rhode Island
Mark R. Warner, Virginia
Jeff Merkley, Oregon
Mark Begich, Alaska
Chris Coons, Delaware
RepublicansJeff Sessions
Alabama
Charles Grassley, Iowa
Mike Enzi, Wyoming
Mike Crapo, Idaho
John Cornyn, Texas
Lindsey Graham, South Carolina
John Thune, South Dakota
Rob Portman, Ohio
Pat Toomey, Pennsylvania
Ron Johnson, Wisconsin
Kelly Ayotte, New Hampshire
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Senate Appropriations Committee
• Sets subcommittee allocations for subcommittee for each fiscal year
• 12 Subcommittees • Health-related Subcommittees
– Labor HHS – Medicare, Medicaid, Public Health– Agriculture – FDA– Others (Military Construction/VA, Defense,
Legislative Branch)
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Members Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, HHS
Democrats
Tom Harkin (Chairman) (IA)
Daniel Inouye (HI)
Herb Kohl (WI)
Patty Murray (WA)
Mary Landrieu (LA)
Richard Durbin (IL)
Jack Reed (RI)
Mark Pryor (AR)
Barbara Mikulski (MD)
Sherrod Brown (OH)
Republicans
Richard Shelby (Ranking) (AL)
Thad Cochran (MS)
Kay Bailey Hutchison (TX)
Lamar Alexander (TN)
Ron Johnson (WI)
Mark Kirk (IL)
Lindsey Graham (SC)
Jerry Moran (KS)
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Senate Finance Committee
• Tax Code (exclusion, deductibility and tax credits)
• Medicaid and Child Health Insurance Program – FQHC payments
• Medicare (parts A, B, C and D) – FQHC payments
• Maternal and Child Health Block Grant
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Members of Senate Finance Committee
DemocratsMax Baucus, (Chair), MT
John D. Rockefeller IV, WV
Kent Conrad, ND
Jeff Bingaman, NM
John F. Kerry , MA
Ron Wyden, OR
Charles E. Schumer, NY
Debbie Stabenow, MI
Maria Cantwell, WA
Bill Nelson, FL
Robert Menendez, NJ
Thomas R. Carper, DE
Benjamin L. Cardin, MD
RepublicansOrrin Hatch, (Ranking), UT
Chuck Grassley, IA
Olympia J. Snowe, ME
Jon Kyl, AZ
Mike Crapo, ID
Pat Roberts, KS
Michael B. Enzi, WY
John Cornyn, TX
Tom Coburn, OK
John Thune, SD
Richard Burr, NC
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Senate Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Committee
• Public Health Service Act (Section 330 grants)• Food and Drug Administration• ERISA
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Members of Senate HELP Committee
Democrats
Tom Harkin (IA), Chair
Barbara A. Mikulski (MD)
Jeff Bingaman (NM)
Patty Murray (WA)
Bernard Sanders (I) (VT)
Robert P. Casey, Jr. (PA)
Kay R. Hagan (NC)
Jeff Merkley (OR)
Al Franken (MN)
Michael F. Bennet (CO)
Sheldon Whitehouse (RI)
Richard Blumenthal (CT)
Republicans
Michael B. Enzi (WY), Ranking
Lamar Alexander (TN)
Richard Burr (NC)
Johnny Isakson (GA)
Rand Paul (KY)
Orrin G. Hatch (UT)
John McCain (AZ)
Pat Roberts (KS)
Lisa Murkowski (AK)
Mark Kirk (IL)
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How a Bill Typically Moves through Congress
• Committee hearing on an issue or specific legislation
• Committee “mark-up” and reporting of legislation
• Floor consideration • Identical legislation must be passed by both
houses before being “enrolled” and sent to the President for signature
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Conference Committees
• Ad hoc committee established for the specific purpose of resolving differences between House-passed and Senate-passed legislation.
• Appointed by leadership in each party and in each body.
• Develop conference agreement that must be voted on by each body.
• Alternatives to conference committee – “pass back”
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Congressional “Agencies”
• Congressional Budget Office• Government Accountability Office• Library of Congress• MedPAC – Medicare Payment Advisory
Commission• MACPAC – Medicaid Payment Advisory
Commission• Others
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Library of Congress: Congressional Research Service
• Independent Research arm of Congress
• Different from GAO in that they are usually more research oriented than investigative.
• Seen as balanced and well-respected by Congress and staff
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Congressional Budget Office• Official Scorekeeper of
the Congress• Provides cost-estimates
on legislation considered by Congress
• In most cases, CBO must determine the cost to the federal government prior to floor consideration of legislation.
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Government Accountability Office• Congressional
“watchdog”• Comptroller General –
Gene Dodaro• Independent research
and oversight of federal programs
• Provides studies, reports and recommendations to Congress
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MedPAC
• Medicare Payment Assessment Commission
• Made up of 17 commissioners
• Make recommendations to Congress (Senate Finance, House W&M, House E&C Committees)
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MACPAC
• Medicaid & CHIP Payment Assessment Commission– Advises Congress re:
Medicaid and CHIP– 17 commissioners– Authorized under
PPACA– First report March 15,
2011