Download - Hot Water Solutions for a Changing Climate
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Solar thermal
And its integration with
commercial and industrial hotwater systems
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Lochinvar Ltd
Steve Addis L.Z.C product manager
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Our company
In the UK since 1976
Relocated to newheadquarters in 1998
Lochinvar corporation startedin 1919
2001 relocated to 360,0002ftfacility
Major player in high
efficiency water heater &boiler industry in USA
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Basic system design
Designing a solar thermal system
System components
Sizing solar systems
Integration with DHW systems
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System components
A solar thermal DHW system requires:
A solar collector
Storage vessel or heat exchanger
Pipe workControl system
Primary heat source
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System components
There are 2 main types of solar collectors
Flat plate
Evacuated tube
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Solar collectors Pros
Flat panel
Simple design
Long warranties
Better at handling
stagnation Cheaper
Can be roof integrated
Better looking?
Evacuated tube
Higher efficiency on lowirradiation days
Smaller surface area?
Lighter?
Repairable
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Solar collectors Cons
Flat panel
Can be Heavier
Larger surface area
required?
Less efficient on lowIrradiation days
Evacuated tube
Seen as delicate
Can need highermaintenance
Will overheat readily ifstagnation occurs
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Solar collectorsLochinvar G1000-10 flat
plate collector
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Solar collectorsLochinvar G1450-10 flat
plate collector
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Solar collectorsLochinvar CPC Evacuated tube
collector
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Solar collectors
Evacuated tube collector principles
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Solar collectors
All solar collectors must be certified to BSEN 12975
Look for the solar key mark
The Key to grants
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Collector efficiency
Collector efficiency consists of:
Absorber efficiency (average 75%)
Minus absorber emissions 2%-14% (dependant
upon insulation and selective coating)This will be shown as A1/A2 heat loss coefficient
Collector efficiency will change according
to
t between collector fluidtemperature and outside air
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Collector efficiency
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Collector efficiency
Care should be taken to ensure the collectors are sitedcorrectly.
South facing - 30-40 degrees inclination
Avoid shading
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Collector Efficiency
Chart showing the effects of varying the inclination andazimuth of collector field
Inclination
Azimuth
South SE/SW E/W NE/NW N
Horizontal 933
30o 1042 997 886 762 709
45o 1023 968 829 666 621
60o 960 900 753 580 485
Vertical 724 684 565 427 360
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Solar collectors
Roof integration can be difficult on commercial buildings
Architects/structural engineers need to be involved atdesign stage
Need to think about maintenance and possible futurereplacements
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Solar col lectors
Collectors on A frame new building
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Solar col lectors
Collectors on A frame
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Solar col lectors
A frame with ballast prior to collector installation
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Solar col lectors
Collectors on a pitched roof
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Solar col lectors
Collectors on a pitched roof
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Solar col lectors
Collectors on facade
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Solar collectors
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System components
Storage vessel or heat exchanger
Must be sized accurately for collectors
CIBSE guidelines ask for a dedicated solar store of:
50-60ltr/m2
on evacuated tube systems35-50ltr/m2 on flat plate systems
Manufacturers often ask for more
Usually installed next to the primary heat source
Heat exchangers used for specialised applications
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Solar store
Pre-heat store
Direction
of natural
buoyancy
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Solar store Twin-Coil
Direction
of natural
buoyancy
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Controls: legionella
Legionella colonisation could occur within the solar
vessel, especially during spring/autumn when
temperatures within the vessel are likely to be lower.
Temperature controlMechanical control
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Solar Thermal store
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Pipe work (sealed system)
Must be sized to suit the individual project
Should incorporate appropriate safety valves
and expansion vessels/protection vessels
Either specialist solar pipework systems or
Copper with high temperature press-fit fittings
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Solar Control functions
Sollar Array
R1S1 S2
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Solar Control functions solar display panel
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Controls: safety heat-dump arrangement
R1S1 S2 S4 R3
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Primary heat source
The primary heat source will satisfy the majority of the hotwater demand, therefore careful consideration should alsobe given to this part of the design.
Efficiency of primary heat source is important
Considercondensing technology
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Sizing of solar systems
Project CriteriaIn order to provide an accurate sizingthe following information is required:
Daily hot water demand
SOLAR FRACTIONrequired
Post code of the building
Type of building
Number of occupants perday
Roof space available andorientation/pitch of roof
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Tsol sizing: calculation example
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Tsol sizing: calculation example
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Tsol sizing: calculation example
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Tsol sizing: calculation example
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Tsol sizing: calculation example
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Tsol sizing: calculation example
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System efficiency
To RecapSystem efficiency is dependant upon:
Type of collectors used
Temperature of the DHW systemInstallation of collectors
Solar fraction
Correct sizing of solar storage vessel
System efficiency is typically around
50%-60%
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System efficiency
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System integration
The main methods of integration are:
Hot water systems
Twin-coil calorifier
Pre-heat storeSwimming pools
Heat exchanger
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Integration with pre-heat solar vessel
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Integration with pre-heat solar vessel and heat
dump
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Solar system with HSK Thermal store and
boiler support
COLD IN
Expansion Vessel
EV
NRV
PRV
Expansion Vessel
EV
Pump
TD
TD
IVIV
Boiler
LSV LSV
NRV
EV
TD
A.S.
D.S.
Boiler
LSV LSV
NRV
EV
TD
D.A.
P.P.
240V
2 PV
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System maintenance
Collectors are generally self cleaning due to angle sited
Pressure within the system checked annually
Circulation pump checked annually
Visual inspection of collector array every 1-2 years
Check glycol mix condition annually
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Thank you for l istening
We would be pleased toanswer any questions?
e-mail: [email protected]
www.lochinvar.ltd.uk