![Page 1: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption
![Page 3: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?
![Page 7: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chrysler PULSESmart Car Hybrid Vehicle
![Page 8: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chlorine Destroys Ozone but is not consumed in the process
![Page 9: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Crutzen Molina Rowland
![Page 11: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Paul CrutzenHolland (The Netherlands)
Max-Planck-Institute for ChemistryMainz, Germany
1933 -
![Page 12: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mario Molina
USA (Mexico)
Earth/Atmospheric/Planetary Sciences and ChemistryMIT
1943 -
![Page 13: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sherwood RowlandUSA
Chemistry University of Californiaat Irvine
1927 -
![Page 14: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Three States of Matter
• …. it is possible to explain nearly all of the bulk properties of gases, liquids, and solids
• …. it is possible to explain the colligative properties of solutions.
• By assuming the existence of attractive and repulsive forces...
• By assuming the existence of thermal energy...
![Page 15: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ideal (Perfect) Gases Obey Boyle’s Law for which PV
= k
![Page 16: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ideal (Perfect) Gases Obey Boyle’s Law for which PV
= k• HOWEVER, if you…
– Increase P– Increase n in a given V– Lower the K.E. (T)THEN gas particles can
COALESEBUT before condensation
occurs, PV=nRT deviates from ideal behavior
![Page 17: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Real (van der Waals) gases deviate from ideal
behavior
Gases at 25°C N2 at different T
PV = nRT
(P + n2a/V2)(V - nb) = n RT
PV = nRT
![Page 18: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Critical Properties of CO2
![Page 19: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Critical Conditions
• Condensable Gases Tc
Pc
– NH3 132 112
– Cl2 144 76
– H2O 374 218
• Permanent GasesTc Pc
– O2 -118 50
– N2 -147 33.5
– H2 -239 12.8
– He -267 2.3
![Page 20: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SIGNIFICANCE OF TC
![Page 21: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SIGNIFICANCE OF TC EVALUATE THERMAL vs POTENTIAL ENERGY Thermal energy Potential Energy
![Page 22: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CHEMICAL BONDS
Ionic and Covalent Bonds (102)Salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)
H-bonding Forces (100)Liquids and solutions
Van der Waals Forces (10-2)Instantaneous and permanentdipolar forces
![Page 23: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Liquid State
• Gases– Study is simplified
by the facts that atoms and molecules are…
• far apart.• randomly
arranged.• weakly interacting.
• Solids– Study is simplified
by the facts that atoms and molecules are…
• close together.• regularly arranged.• strongly
interacting.
![Page 24: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Liquid State
• Gaseous state model for liquids:– Liquids as dense
gases are characterized by...
• DISORDER• fluidity• taking the shape of
their container• low density
• Solid state model for liquids:– Liquids as disordered
solids characterized by….
• ORDER• strong
inter-atomic/molecular interactions
• definite volumes• high density
![Page 25: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Liquid State
![Page 26: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Trajectories for Atoms at Lattice Points in Solids
![Page 27: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Liquid State
![Page 28: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Phase Diagram for CO2
![Page 29: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Phase Diagram for H2O
![Page 31: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Liquid State
• Vapor pressure• Surface tension• Viscosity• Adhesive/
cohesive forces• Capillary action
• Density• Compressibility• Diffusion• Evaporation
![Page 32: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Density of Ice and Water
![Page 33: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Compressibility
![Page 34: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Surface Tension
![Page 35: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
![Page 36: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Vapor Pressure Curves
![Page 37: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Trouton’s RuleAn interesting and useful “approximation:
• Says that the ratio of the heat of vaporization and the boiling point is (roughly) constant
Hvap/Tb.p. ~ 88 J/mol
• Boiling point of cyclohexane is 69°C. Therefore, Hvap = (69 + 273)(88) ~ 30 kJ/mol
which is within 2-3% of the experimental value
• Works well for unassociated liquids and gives useful information about degree of association.
![Page 38: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Trouton’s RuleUnassociated (ideal) liquids, Hvap/Tb.p. ~ 88 J/mol
carbon tetrachloridebenzenecyclohexane
Associated liquids, Hvap/Tb.p. > 88 J/molwater (110)methanol (112)ammonia (97)
Association in the vapor state, Hvap/Tb.p. < 88 J/molacetic acid (62)hydrogen fluoride (26)
![Page 39: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01d1a28abf838cd03a7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)