Download - homeostais and body_fluid
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
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Physiology: study the functions of living things
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Body Fluid Compartments
Cells contained in watery internal environment: life-sustaining exchanges occur
Extracellular fluid (ECF): Fluid outside the cells
PlasmaInterstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid (ICF): Fluid contained within the cells
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment Internal environment is the extracellular
fluid Essential for survival and function of
all cells
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Homeostasis
Factors Homeostatically Regulated: Concentration of nutrient molecules Concentration of O2 and CO2 Concentration of waste products Concentration of water, salt, and other
electrolytes Volume and pressure pH Temperature
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Homeostasis
All the systems of the body work together to maintain homeostasis: Gastrointestinal, Respiratory systems
Obtaining nutrients and O2 Circulatory system Transport Respiratory, Renal systems Removal
of waste and metabolic end products Nervous and Endocrine systems
Regulation
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Homeostasis
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Homeostatic Control Systems
Functionally interconnected network of body components that operate to maintain a given factor in the internal environment relatively constant around an optimal level
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Homeostatic Control Systems
Components:Sensor: Detects deviation from set pointIntegrating (control) center: Compares input with set point & determines responseEffecter: Produces response
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Homeostatic Control Systems
Feedforward: Term used for responses made in
anticipation of a change Feedback:
Refers to responses made after change has been detected
Types of feedback systems Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
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Homeostatic Control Systems
Negative Feedback: Primary type of homeostatic
control Opposes initial change
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Homeostatic Control Systems
Negative Feedback:
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Homeostatic Control Systems
Positive Feedback: amplifies an initial change An output is enhanced A controlled variable moves in the
direction of an initial change
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Homeostatic Control Systems
Positive Feedback: One example occurs during the birth of
a baby
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Body FluidBody Fluid
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Body fluid On average, body fluids constitute
60% of total body weight In the average 70 Kg adult male is
about 42 L
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Body fluid Variation in water content:
Variation due to age: total body water (TBW) with increasing age, by age of 60 years it becomes 50 %
Variation between tissues: Most tissues are water-rich and contain 70-
80% water Plasma contains >90% water Fat is the driest tissue of all, having only
10% water content Variation between individuals:
TBW in a standard male is 60% of his body weight, while in female, its 55%, due to higher fat content
Obese adults have lower percentage
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Body Fluid Compartments TBW represent about 60% of total
body weight: Intracellular fluid (ICF):
fluid within the cells about 2/3 of TBW (40%)
Extracellular fluid (ECF): fluid outside the cells About 1/3 of TBW (20%)
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Body Fluid Compartments
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Body Fluid Compartments
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Body Fluid Compartments
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Body Fluid Compartments
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Body Fluid Compartments
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Body Fluid Compartments ICF differs considerably from ECF
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Body is in fluid balance
Daily intake of water: Fluid intake (1.250
mL/day) Food intake (1000
ml/day) Metabolically produced
H2O (350mL/day)
Daily loss of body water: Insensible water loss
(900ml/day) Fluid loss in sweat
(100ml/day) Water loss in feces
(100ml/day) Water loss by kidney
(1500 ml/day)Total intake (2600ml/day) Total output (2600ml/day)
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Body is in fluid balance
In a steady state, the osmolarity in ECF is the same as in ICF Normally, cells neither shrink or swell
because intracellular and interstitial fluids have the same osmolarity (280 mmol/L)
Increasing osmolarity of ECF draws water out of cells and cells shrink
Decreasing osmolarity of ECF draw water inside of cells and causes cells to swell