Download - History of Behavioral Study (Week 2)
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History of animal behavioral study
D r . P a r i ch a r t L a k s an a w i m o l
A n i m a l b e h a v i o r , M a j o r o f B i o l o g y ,
F a c u l t y o f S c i e n c e , C h a n d r a k a s e m R a j a b h a t U n i v e r s i t y
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First Representations ofAnimal Behaviour
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Greek Philosophers
Aristotle(384-322 BCE)
Perfect Type
e.g.
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Ethology Psychology
- origins in natural history - origins in physiology & medicine
-early focus
-understanding adaptive value of
behaviour in the wild
-early focus
-understanding causation and
motivation of human
behaviour using animal
models- field-based
- laboratory-based
COMPARISON OF ETHOLOGY
AND PSYCHOLOGY
- initially more observational
- initially more empirical
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Historical Figures
1. Charles Darwin
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1835
1840
1845
1850
1855
1860
1865
1870
The zoology of the voyage of
H.M.S. Beagle
Fossil Cirripedia
The various contrivances by whichorchids are fertilised by insects.
climbing plants.The variation of animals and plants
under domestication.
The expression of the emotionsThe descent of man, and
selection in relation to sex.
Geological observations on the volcanic islands
visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle.A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia,
Questions about the breeding of animals
Geological observations
on SouthAmerica.
Darwin - Published Books
1875 Insectivorous plants.
The different forms of flowers on
plants of the same species.fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom.
1880
The power of movement in plants.
1885 through the action of worms.
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Historical Figures
1. Charles Darwin
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Historical Figures
2. Douglas Spalding
discovered the phenomenon now known asimprinting,
recognition of the importance of the interaction between learning
and instinct in determining behaviour.
experimental method in studying behaviour.
essay "On Instinct" in 1954 to clarify the history of the subject.
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Historical Figures
3. Lloyd Morgan
played a critical role in the growth of
behaviourismin twentieth century
academic psychology.
statesIn no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of
the exercise of a higher mental faculty, if it can be interpreted as
the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale.
For example, Morgan considered that an entity should only be
considered consciousif there is no other explanation for its behavior.9
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Historical Figures
4. Julian Huxley - Courtship habits of the great crested grebe
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systematic observation of the courtship habits of water
birds such as theCommon Redshank(a wader)
andgrebes(which are divers).
interest was bird behaviour, especially thecourtship
of
water birds. His1914 paperon theGreatCrested Grebe,later
published as abook,was alandmark inavian
ethology hisinvention of vivid labels fortherituals(such as
'penguin dance', 'plesiosaurus race' etc.) madethe
ideasmemorable and interesting to the
general
reader.[5]11
HistoricalFigures
4.Julian
Huxley
Courtship
babits of
the
great
crested
grebe
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Historical Figures
5. J.B. Watson
adopted by experimental psychologists who were particularly
interested in studying learning underlaboratoryconditions
Anexperimentalapproach to the study of behaviour in his
book'Behaviourism
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Historical Figures
6. B.F.Skinner
The rat's behaviour is 'shaped' by giving a pellet of food
delivered via a button in Skinner's hand.13
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Historical Figures
7. Karl von Frisch
Bee perception
Sense of smell
Optical perception
Etc.14
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Historical Figures
8. Konrad Lorenz
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Historical Figures
9. Niko Tinbergen
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Tinbergens Four Questions (The 4 Whys)
Why is this bird singing?
(This is actually 4 questions)
1.What causes this bird to sing (or: what are the anatomical and
physiological mechanisms underlying the behaviour)?
2.How did this behaviour develop in the lifetime of the bird?3.What is it singing for (territory, mates)?
4.How did this behaviour evolve?
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Tinbergens Four Questions
A.Proximate Causes
a.What is the immediate cause of abehaviour?
-genetic bases
-neural mechanisms
-hormonal mechanisms
-environmental (external stimuli)
-precedent events18
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Tinbergens Four Questions
A.Proximate Causes
a.What is the immediate cause of a behaviour?b.What is the ontogeny (or development) of a
behaviour?-changes with age
- interaction of genes with environment(over time)
-innate vs. learned components
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Tinbergens Four Questions
A.Proximate Causesa.What is the immediate cause of a behaviour?
b.What is the ontogeny (or development) of abehaviour?
B.Ultimate Causes
a.What are the functional (adaptive) reasons for a
behaviour?
-contribution of a behaviour pattern toindividual fitness
-how does natural selection influence abehaviour?
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Ti b F Q i
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Tinbergens Four Questions
A.Proximate Causes
a.Whatis the immediate cause of a behaviour?
b.Whatis
the ontogeny (or development) of a behaviour?
B.Ultimate Causes
a.Whatare the functional (adaptive)reasons fora
behaviour?
b.Whatis
the evolutionary history of a
behaviour?
expression of abehaviour in related species
evolutionary changes in
behaviour in related lineages
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Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
Historical
Pathways
Selective
Processes
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
-gene-environment
interactions
-nervous systems for
stimulus detection
-hormone systems for
adjusting response levels
-muscles for carrying out
responses
-adaptive context ?-evolutionary
development
of a trait
How? Why?22
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Genetic
mechanismsDevelopmental
mechanisms
Physiological
mechanisms
Neural
mechanisms
BEHAVIOUR PATTERN(S)
Individual survival &
reproductive success
Gene pool of next generation
SUMMARY
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Ethology
Ecology
Population Biology
Genetics
Endocrinology
PhysiologyNeurophysiology
Sociobiology
Evolutionary
Biology
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