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HISTOLOGY OF HISTOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACTTRACT
Dr. Archana Rani
Associate Professor
Department of Anatomy
KGMU UP, Lucknow
29.04.2015
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Contents
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine
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Histology of the Digestive System
Basic Histological Layers:1. Mucosa:
a. Epitheliumb. Lamina Propriac. Muscularis Mucosae
2. Submucosa:Submucosal plexus
“Plexus of Meissner”
3. Muscularis:Myenteric plexus
“Plexus of Auerbach4. Serosa
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Histology of the Mucosa
Organ Epithelium
Mouth Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
Pharynx Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
Esophagus Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
Stomach Simple Columnar
Small Intestine Simple Columnar
Large Intestine Simple Columnar
Anus Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
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Histology of the Mucosa
Organ Folds of the epithelium
Esophagus none
Stomach L: Rugae, S: gastric pits
Small Intestine L: Plicae circulares, Villi S: Crypts of Lieberkuhn, microvilli
Large Intestine L: Haustra S: Intestinal glands
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Histology of the Submucosa
Organ Specialized structures
Esophagus Submucosal mucous glands
Stomach None
Duodenum Brunner’s glands
Ileum Peyer’s Patches
Large Intestine None
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Histology of the Muscularis
Organ Smooth muscle layers
Esophagus 2, circular and longitudinal
Stomach 3, oblique, circular, and longitudinal
Small Intestine 2, circular and longitudinal
Large Intestine 2, circular and longitudinal
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Histology of the Serosa
Organ Serosa
Esophagus Adventitia due to the fact that the esophagus is not in a cavity
Stomach Visceral Peritoneum
Small Intestine Visceral Peritoneum
Large Intestine Visceral Peritoneum
Anus Adventitia
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Oesophagus
• Mucosa: Stratified squamous non - keratinized epithelium
• Submucosa: contains Meissner’s plexus and oesophageal glands
• Muscularis externa:
Upper one-third: skeletal fibres
Middle one-third: mixed fibres
Lower one-third: smooth fibres
• Adventitia: loose areolar connective tissue
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Oesophagus
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Oesophagus
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Stomach
• Mucosa:simple columnar epithelium and presence of gastric pits.
• Stomach is divided into three histological regions on the basis of nature of glands:
Cardiac region Fundic region (fundus &
body) Pyloric region
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Stomach (Cardiac Region)
• Mucosa: simple columnar with oval nuclei, mucous secreting cardiac glands in lamina propria.
• Submucosa: connective tissue.
• Muscle layer: inner circular, outer longitudinal.
• Serosa: simple squamous epithelium.
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Stomach (Fundic Region)
• Mucosa: simple columnar with oval nuclei, presence of gastric glands in lamina propria.
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Stomach (Fundic Region)
Cells of fundic region:• Mucous neck cells• Parietal (oxyntic) cells• Chief (peptic/zymogen) cells• Enteroendocrine cells• Undifferentiated cells
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Cells of fundic region
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Cells of fundic region
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Stomach (Fundic Region)• Submucosa: contains blood
vessels, lymphatics and Meissner’s plexus.
• Muscularis Externa: an inner oblique (absent in pylorus), middle circular and outer longitudinal layer.
• Serosa: consist of surface layer of flattened mesothelial cells resting on a thin layer of loose connective tissue with blood vessels and lymphatics.
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Stomach (Pyloric Region)
• Mucosa: pyloric glands in lamina propria & deeper gastric pits extending half the thickness of mucosa.
• Muscularis Externa: inner circular (thickened to form pyloric sphincter) and outer longitudinal layer.
• Submucosa & Serosa: same as in fundic part.
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Stomach (Pyloric Region)
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Pyloric Glands
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Gastro-Duodenal Junction
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Small Intestine
It is divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
• Mucosa: characteristic features- Plicae circularis (valves of Kerkring) Villi & Microvilli Goblet cells (few) Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands) Glands are lined by columnar cells,
goblet cells, Paneth cells & enteroendocrine cells
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Small Intestine
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Small Intestine
• Submucosa: contains blood vessels, lymphatics and Meissner’s plexus.
• Muscularis externa: Outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of smooth muscle.
• Serosa/Adventitia
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DuodenumPresence of Brunner’s glands in submucosa
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High power view of the Duodenal Mucosa
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Jejunum
• Villi are tongue shaped.
• Absence of Brunner’s glands.
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Ileum
• Presence of lymphoid aggregations in lamina propria known as Peyer’s patches.
• Villi are short & finger like.
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Large Intestine• It consists of: appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal.
• Mucosa: Absence of Plicae circulares and villi
Presence of Microvilli
Presence of Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Presence of Goblet cells in large number
• Submucosa
• Muscularis externa:
Inner circular layer - thin compared to small intestine.
Outer longitudinal layer- forms Taenia coli.
• Adventitia: Appendices epiploicae (peritoneum forms pouch like processes filled with fat)
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Large Intestine
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Magnified view of a villus
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Large Intestine
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Vermiform Appendix
• A small blind-ending diverticulum.
• Large accumulations of lymphoid tissue in lamina propria which may extend into submucosa.
• Intestinal villi are usually absent.
• Crypts are poorly formed.
• Muscularis externa is thin.
• Absence of taenia coli.
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Vermiform Appendix
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Rectum
• Intestinal glands are straight, like test tubes.
• A continuous coat of longitudinal muscle is present.
• Absence of taenia.• Absence of appendices
epiploicae.
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Anal Canal
• Epithelium: upper part-simple columnar, middle part-stratified squamous non-keratinized, lower part-covered by true skin.
• Mucosa has characteristic longitudinal folds-Anal columns.
• Small mucosal folds between the anal columns -Pectinate line.
• Crypts disappear below this line.
• Muscularis externa-circular muscle forms involuntary internal anal sphincter.
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Ano-rectal Junction
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References
1. diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with functional Correlations, 12th Edition.
2. Textbook of Human Histology. Inderbir Singh, 1st Edition.
3. Textbook of Histology. GP Pal, 3rd Edition.
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MCQ
Q1. Stratified squamous non-keratinized
epithelium is a feature of:
a. Oesophagus
b.Stomach
c. Appendix
d.Rectum
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MCQ
Q2. Deep gastric pits is a feature of:
a. Oesophagus
b.Cardiac part of stomach
c. Fundic part of stomach
d.Pyloric part of stomach
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MCQ
Q3. Plica circularis is a feature of:
a. Oesophagus
b.Stomach
c. Small intestine
d.Large intestine
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MCQ
Q4. Taenia coli is present in:
a. Oesophagus
b.Stomach
c. Small intestine
d.Large intestine
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MCQ
Q5. Abundant lymphoid tissue in lamina propria
is a feature of:
a. Oesophagus
b.Stomach
c. Duodenum
d.Appendix