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ELEVATORING ISSUES AFFECTING HIGH RISE BUILDINGS IN INDIA
Johannes de JongDirector ‐ Technology, Major Projects/KONEHyvinkää FinlandHyvinkää, Finland
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Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
Traffic planning (people flow)(people flow)
(Ride Comfort)
Piston effect
Building SwayBuilding Sway
Stack effect
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CIBSE Guide D
Guide D will assist practitioners involved in the design installationinvolved in the design, installation and maintenance of transportation systems; including architects, surveyors facilities and buildingsurveyors, facilities and building managers who need to understand the advice given to them by
i li tspecialists.
2005 • 256 pages • Order code: GVDISBN 10: 1-903287-61-8ISBN 10: 1 903287 61 8ISBN 13: 978-1-903287-61-3
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Vertical Transportation Parameters
INTERVALINTERVALAVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS
LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY
HANDLING CAPACITYNUMBER OF PASSENGERS
TRANSPORTED UP WITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTESWITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES
NOMINAL TRAVEL TIMENOMINAL TRAVEL TIMETRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY
THE RATED SPEEDOF THE ELEVATOR
Marina Bay Sands, Singapore
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Vertical Transportation ParametersInterval
INTERVALCommercial Buildings
and HotelsINTERVALAVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY
INTERVAL:Quality Interval (s)Level Incoming------------- --------------Excellent 20 - 25 Good 25 - 32
TOO SHORT
Cars don't
CORRECT INTERVAL
Long
TOO LONG Satisfactory 32 - 40
Residential Buildingshave enough time to get loaded, expensive
Longwaitingtimes INTERVAL:
Quality Interval (s)
Residential Buildings
expensive Level Incoming------------- --------------Excellent 20 - 40 Good 40 - 80Good 40 80 Satisfactory 80 - 100
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Vertical Transportation ParametersHandling Capacity
HANDLING CAPACITY
g p y
HANDLING CAPACITYNUMBER OF PASSENGERSTRANSPORTED UP WITH
HANDLING CAPACITY % OF POPULATION IN 5 MIN.:
Type of Working Transp. Capacity
80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES yp g p p y
Building Hours Excellent Good------------- -------- ------------------------Offices:- one company common 20 - 25 16 - 20
TOO BIGTOO SMALLPROPERLY
DIMENSIONED ELEVATOR CROUP
- one company common 20 - 25 16 - 20- one company flexible 16 – 20 13 - 16- diversified common 16 - 20 13 - 16- diversified flexible 15 – 18 12 - 15
Cannot absorb traffic peaks
Tooexpensive
Hotels: 16 - 20 12 – 16
Residential: > 7.5 5 - 7.5peaks, queuing Hospitals:
- personnel 16 - 20 13 - 16© CTBUH Copyright
Parameter selectionActual traffic measurements
Single tenant office with common working hours
10.00
12.00
Incoming
10 0012.00
Outgoing
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
2.004.006.008.00
10.00
0.00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
0.00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
10.00
12.00
InterfloorSingle Tenant Office Building
Per Cent of Population in 5 Minutes
12 0014.0016.00 Incoming Interfloor Outgoing
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
2.004.006.008.00
10.0012.00
0.00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
0.00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
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Parameter selectionActual traffic measurements
Multi Tenant Office BuildingPer Cent of Population in 5 minutes
Residential BuildingPer cent of Population in 5 Minutesp
8.00
10.00
12.00Incoming Interfloor Outgoing
33.5
44.5
5Incoming Interfloor Outgoing
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
00.5
11.5
22.5
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900 6:007:459:3011:1
513:0
014:4
516:3
018:1
520:0
021:4
523:3
01:153:004:45
Outgoing
8,0
10,0
12,0
% of Population/
5 min
InterfloorIncoming
High Rise Hotel
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
0:00
1:45
3:30
5:15
7:00
8:45
10:3
0
12:1
5
14:0
0
15:4
5
17:3
0
19:1
5
21:0
0
22:4
5
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Vertical Transportation ParametersNominal Travel Time
NOMINAL TRAVEL TIMECommercial Buildings
and HotelsNOMINAL TRAVEL TIMETRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BYTHE RATED SPEED OF THE ELEVATOR
NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:Quality TravelLevel Time (s)Level Time (s)------------- --------------Excellent 15 - 20 Good 20 - 25
TRAVEL HEIGHT
RATED SPEEDTOO SHORT TOO LONG
Satisfactory 25 - 32
Residential BuildingsUnnecessarily high speed(expensive, ride
Speed too slow (long journeytimes)
NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:Quality TravelLevel Time (s)
g
( pcomfort issues)
) Level Time (s)------------- --------------Excellent 20 - 25 Good 25 - 32 S fSatisfactory 32 - 50
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Vertical Transportation Parameters in India
Different situations encountered:
Offices:- 50000 sq ft per elevator (architect in Mumbai)- Handling Capacity for offices, 10% of the population in 5 minutes
Interval 40 seconds (local consultant in Mumbai)- Calculated handling capacity 5 % of the population in 5 minutes
(Several large buildings in Mumbai)
Residential buildings:Residential buildings:- Speed of 1,5 m/s for a scenic elevator traveling 300 m, passenger
elevators traveling the same height 4 m/s(Mumbai High Rise design phase)(Mumbai High Rise, design phase)
Hotels:- Travel 130 m, speed 2.5 m/s (Delhi, design phase)
Elevator Systems are often heavily under dimensionedFar too low speeds and too long intervals are commonFar too low speeds and too long intervals are common practice
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Vertical Transportation Parameters in IndiaHandling Capacityg p y
Simulated Waiting Times with daily multi tenant office profile
1200
1400
s
12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building
100
s
12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
20
40
60
80
0
200
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
Simulation time
0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
Simulation time
100
%
100
%
12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building
Medium Rise Office
Under dimensioning with
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80 50.000 sq ft / elevator rule(about 5% Handling Capacity in 5 minutes)
will cause very long waiting times, lasting very long
0
Time [s]
030 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600
lasting very long© CTBUH Copyright
Vertical Transportation Parameters in IndiaNominal Travel Time
High Rise Hotel in DelhiSimulated Waiting and Transit Times with daily hotel profile
70
80
%
80
90
100
%
76.0 %
70
80
90
%
80
90
100
%88.8 %
g y p
4 m/s
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
70
21.8 %20
30
40
50
60
70
30
40
50
60
70
80
10 8 %
Waiting Times
0
10
Time [s]
0
10
20
30 60 90
2.17 %0
10
20
Time [s]
0
10
20
30 60 90
0.346 %10.8 %
2.5 m/s
40
50
60
%
70
80
90
100
%
41.3 %
55.5 %
40
50
60
%
70
80
90
100
%
54.7 %
33.6 %
4m/s
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
50
60
3.17 % 0 00 %10
20
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.911 %10.7 %
33.6 %
Transit Times
0
Time [s]
0
10
30 60 90
0.00 %0
Time [s]
030 60 90 120
2.5m/s
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Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
Traffic planning (people flow)(people flow)
(Ride Comfort)
Piston effect
Building SwayBuilding Sway
Stack effect
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Piston Effect
In single shafts, the air displaced by the car is pushed into the narrow gap around the car.pushed into the narrow gap around the car.
This can increase the speed of the air around the car to levels more than twice the speed of the car, causing noise.
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Piston Effect
Common practice in India:pEach Elevator is running in a fully enclosed hoistways, even at high speeds. p
This pushes the air around the car at high speed causing a strong Piston Effect
Prevent Piston effect:Use divider beams instead of solid
Effect.
Use divider beams instead of solid separation walls in elevator banks
Use divider beamsinstead ofsolid separation wallsolid separation wall
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Piston Effect
Single Hoistways
To reduce the noise level created by the air speed, pressure relief holes are needed.
Pressure relief holes can only be used if we have an adjacent hoistway or an adjacent air duct.
If pressure relief holes are applied in fire
Pressure relief holesPressure relief holes
protected hoistways, the holes must be supplied with automatic fire dampers.
Noise, buffeting, whistling are common effects if pressure relief holes cannot be applied in single hoistways at high speeds.© CTBUH Copyrig
ht
Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
Traffic planning (people flow)(people flow)
(Ride Comfort)
Piston effect
Building SwayBuilding Sway
Stack effect
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Building Sway
Building sway may cause excessive sway in compensation ropes, overspeed governor ropes, suspension ropes and traveling cablestraveling cables.
In over 200m tall buildings and in slender buildings over 150m tall this may have an g yimpact on the elevator design.
Rope resonance and traveling cable movement cannot be completely avoidedmovement cannot be completely avoided in high rise buildings.
To minimize potential problems the sway p p ybehavior of ropes and cables must be considered. © CTBUH Copyrig
ht
Building Sway
Adjust frequencywith
Use rope protection equipment
compensation device weight
Use Building S d t t
Use aFollower Carriage
if compensation
Sway detector to park and
stop elevators
if compensation weight gets too
big
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Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
Traffic planning (people flow)(people flow)
(Ride Comfort)
Piston effect
Building SwayBuilding Sway
Stack effect
© CTBUH Copyright
Stack Effect
Stack effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings, and is driven by buoyancy.
Warm indoor airBuoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from temperature and moisture differences.
Cold indoor air
Especially in case of fire, the stack effect needs to be controlled to prevent the spread of smoke.
Winter (positive
Cold outdoor air
Summer (negative
Hot outdoor air
Winter (positive buoyancy)
Summer (negative buoyancy)
Elevator doors can be open at different l l t th ti Thi ill flevels at the same time. This will enforce the stack effect.
It is essential that all elevator lobbies are well sealed to minimize stack effectwell sealed to minimize stack effect.© CTBUH Copyrig
ht
Building Sway combined with Stack Effect
Elevator lateral quacking going up
1. Low wind dayy
2. high wind day2. high wind day(70-80 km/h)
The lateral quacking curves shown above, have been measured in a high rise elevator with a travel of about 350 m, moving upwards from ground to the top floor. The top floors of the building are not yet sealed.On day with low wind conditions ride comfort is maintained throughout the full y gride. On a windy day the draft at the unsealed top floors will dramatically affect ride comfort.
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Summary
If India wants to achieve the same quality standardsIf India wants to achieve the same quality standardsfor High Rise Buildings as elsewhere:
The design rules for dimensioning vertical transportation of High Rise in India must be changed. It would be advisable to use rules similar to those shown in CIBSE Guide D.
The practice of using single hoistways must be changed for high speed passenger elevators to prevent ”Piston Effect”.
Building sway, and Stack effect must be considered.
There are a lot of excellent International VT Consultants available.PLEASE USE THEM !© CTBUH Copyrig
ht
Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
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