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Heat and Heat Technology Chapter 10
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What is Temperature? __________- A measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles in an object. All particles are in _______________ (even if
they don’t appear to be) The faster the particles are moving, the more
____________ they have. The more kinetic energy they have, the
________ the temperature. Temperature measures the _______ kinetic
energy of the object because individual particles are moving at different _______ and have different kinetic energies.
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Measuring Temperature Using a thermometer-
As a substance’s temperature ____________, it’s particles move faster and ____________. There is more space between them, and the substance expands.
Temperature is measured in three ways: Fahrenheit – Celsius- Used in __________ community. The
freezing point and boiling point of water is separated into 100 even intervals
Kelvin- ____ is the lowest temperature called
____________ – all molecular motion stops
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Measuring Temperature
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Temperature Conversion Equations
To convert Use the equation ExampleoC to oF oF = (9/5 x oc) + 32
See # 1
oF to oC oC = 5/9 x (oF – 32) See # 2
oC to K K = oC + 273
See # 3
K to oC oC = K – 273
See # 4
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Temperature Conversions Convert 45 oC to oF
Convert 68 oF to oC
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Temperature Conversions Convert 45 oC to K
Convert 32 K to oC
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More About Thermal Expansion Expansion joints in highway bridges
Bridges heat up and ________ – this can cause the bridge to break so ___________________ are installed.
Hot air balloons When the air inside is heated, it expands
and becomes less ________. The balloon rises.
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10.2 What is Heat? TRANSFERRED THERMAL ENERGY
_______- The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures. Energy is always transferred from the
_________temperature to the __________temperature.
Stethoscopes “feel” cold because energy is transferred _______ from your back to the stethoscope.
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Thermal energy is transferredTotal kinetic energy of the particles that makes up the substance
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3 Ways to Transfer Thermal Energy
Thermal Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another substance through _______________.
Thermal Conductor- Substances that can conduct thermal energy very ______. Ex:
Thermal Insulator- Substances that ________ conduct thermal energy well. Ex:
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Ways to Transfer Thermal Energy
The transfer of thermal energy by the _____________of
a liquid or a gas. Warm air or liquid rises to the top because it’s less
dense (high energy) At the surface, the warm air/liquid cools, condenses, and sinks back to the bottom.
This cycle is called a convection current
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Ways to Transfer Thermal Energy
The transfer of energy by _______________,
such as visible light and infrared waves. This can occur in empty space.
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Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect Earth’s atmosphere acts like the
windows of a ________ It allows the sun’s _______________to pass
through it. A greenhouse also traps _______,
keeping the inside warm
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Specific Heat ___________-The amount of energy
needed to change the temperature of 1 kg (or g) of the substance by 1°C Refer to table 2. Metal needs less energy to raise the
temperature. Water needs more energy. Heat can’t be measured directly
We need to use a formula.
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Specific Heat Calculations
How many joules does it take to heat 20. g of water from 10.0 to 40.0 oC? (Cp (water) = 4.184 J/g oC )
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Specific Heat Calculations How much heat is required to heat 75 g
of Iron (Cp = 0.444 J/gCo) from 15.5 to 57.0 oC?
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Specific Heat Calculations How many joules does it take to change
the temperature of 15 g of water 25oC? (Cp (water)_ = 4.184 J/g oC )
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10.3 Matter and Heat
_______________ – the physical forms in which a substance can exist. The states of matter depend on the _______ of the particles.
Gases = Liquids = Solids =
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Changes of State ___________A change of a substance from
one state of matter to _______________. PHYSICAL CHANGE!!! Include: An ice cube that melts and then turns
to a gas can be graphed on a temperature vs. energy graph.
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Heat and Chemical Changes
Calorimeter- When one object transfers thermal energy to
another object, the energy ______________ object is ________ by the other object.
________________- food is burned, energy released is transferred to the water, temp change of the water can be measured.
1 Calorie of food = ______J of energy.