Download - Health Effects of Environmental Agents
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Health Effects of Environmental Agents
• ENVR430 (Formerly ENVR130)
• http://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/envr/430/001/
• Monday Wednesday Friday, 1 to 1:50 pm
• McGavran-Greenberg 1301
• Course director, L.M. Ball [email protected], 6-7306
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Environmental Health
Environmental Health comprises those aspects of human health, including
quality of life, that are determined by interactions with physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the
environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting,
controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that may adversely affect the health of present and future
generations.Pew Environmental Health Commission
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National Environmental Health Association NEHA
www.neha.org
National Center for Environmental Health NCEH
www.cdc.gov/nceh/default.htm
National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences
NIEHS
www.niehs.nih.gov
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Environmental Scientists and Specialists
Conduct research or perform investigations for the purpose of
identifying, abating or eliminating sources of pollutants or hazards that affect either the environment or the health of the population. Utilizing
knowledge of various scientific disciplines may collect, synthesize,
study, report, and take action based on data derived from measurements or
observations of air, food, soil, water and other sources U.S. Department
of Labor
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Environmental Agents
• Microbial• Chemical• Physical
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Physical Hazards
• Heat• Cold• Trauma
• Radiation– Ionizing radiation
(radioactivity)
– Non-ionizing radiation• X-rays
• UV
• Infrared
• Microwave
• Radio
• Electromagnetic
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Chemical Hazards
• “Naturally-Occurring”• “Anthropogenic”
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Naturally-Occurring Chemicals
• Microbial toxins– Bacterial toxins
• Botulinus toxin (Clostridium botulinum )
• Shigatoxin (Shigella dysenteriae )
– Fungal toxins (mycotoxins)
• Ergot alkaloids (Claviceps purpurea)
• Aflatoxins (Aspergillus spps)
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Plant Constituents
• Alkaloids– Atropine– Solanine
• Pigments• Methane• Terpenes• Urushiol
Atropine
N
CH3
O C
O
H
HH
OH
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Animal Constituents
• Alkaloids• Snake venom• Ciguatoxin
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Combustion Products
• Gases• Hydrocarbons• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenanthrene
Benzanthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
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Minerals
• Soil dust (including e.g. Ca, Al, Si)• Leaching into groundwater
– Selenium– Arsenic
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Anthropogenic Chemicals
• Inadvertent introduction• Deliberate use
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Inadvertent introduction
• Industrial by-products
• Insulators• Effluents• Wastes • Spills• Improper disposal
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Industrial solvents
• Aromatic hydrocarbons
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
CH3
HC CH2
Benzene Toluene
Styrene
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
Cl
C C
Cl
ClCl
Cl
C C
Cl
ClCl
H
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
TetrachloroethylenePCE, Perc
TrichloroethyleneTCE
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Drinking water disinfection
by-products• Trihalomethanes
– Chloroform CHCl3– Bromodiloromethane CHBrCl2– Dibromochloromethane CHBr2Cl
– Bromoform CHBr3
• Haloacetic acids– Trichloroacetic acid CCl3-COOH
– Dichloroacetic acid CHCl2-COOH
– Dibromoacetic acid CHBr2-COOH
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Combustion products
• Gases: CO, CO2, O3, peroxyacyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO, NO2), sulfur oxides (SO2, SO3)
• Particulate matter• Hydrocarbons• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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Deliberate use
• Pesticides• Fertilizers• Food additives• Plasticizers• Pharmaceuticals• Waste disposal
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Insecticides
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons• Organophosphates• Carbamates
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Herbicides
• Broad-spectrum• Broad-leaf• Grassy-leaf
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Fertilizers
• Nitrates• Phosphates
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Food additives
• Anti-oxidants• Anti-microbials• Sweeteners• Other flavoring
agents• Coloring agents• Humectants• Anti-caking agents
C
SNH
O
O O
Saccharin
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Plasticizers
C
C
O
O
OCH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
DEHP, Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
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THE MICROBIAL WORLD:
SIZES OF MICROBES
VIRUS
0.1 um
BACTERIUM
1 x 2 um
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