Happy Friday! Pl
Please complete the pie chart in your notes (second page) by referring to this diagram.
Happy Tuesday!
Reminders!Reminders!
►Ch. 2 vocabulary due Friday – 22 Ch. 2 vocabulary due Friday – 22 words on page 60 or go through the words on page 60 or go through the chapter and define the highlighted chapter and define the highlighted words (same 22 words) .words (same 22 words) .
►Midterms will go out Thursday and Midterms will go out Thursday and need to be signed and returned!!need to be signed and returned!!
►EXTRA CREDIT if you have any EXTRA CREDIT if you have any minerals from home to share with minerals from home to share with the class!!the class!!
1. A mineral occurs naturally.1. A mineral occurs naturally.
2. A mineral is solid.2. A mineral is solid.
3. A mineral has a definite 3. A mineral has a definite chemical composition.chemical composition.
4. A mineral’s atoms are 4. A mineral’s atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern.arranged in an orderly pattern.
5. A mineral is inorganic (was 5. A mineral is inorganic (was never alive)never alive)
Of the almost 4000 known minerals, Of the almost 4000 known minerals, only about 30 are very common.only about 30 are very common.
The most common are quartz, The most common are quartz, feldspar, mica, and calcite.feldspar, mica, and calcite.
The silicatesThe silicates make up most of make up most of the rocks found in the Earth’s the rocks found in the Earth’s
crust.crust.
Minerals Minerals
Rock-forming Rock-forming silicatessilicates •Most common mineral Most common mineral group group
•Contain the Contain the silicon-silicon-oxygen tetrahedronoxygen tetrahedron
The silicate (SiOThe silicate (SiO44))-4-4 moleculemolecule
Minerals – building silicatesMinerals – building silicates
►https://www.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/elearning/module09swf.swf
Video: MineralsVideo: Minerals
Happy Wednesday!Happy Wednesday!
►Please complete the Element Review in Please complete the Element Review in your notes packet (front of page 3).your notes packet (front of page 3).
►Ch. 2 Vocabulary (22 words on pg. 60) due Ch. 2 Vocabulary (22 words on pg. 60) due Friday!Friday!
►New Midterms go out Thursday and must New Midterms go out Thursday and must be signed and returned by Tuesday for a be signed and returned by Tuesday for a grade! grade!
►Check your mini-midterm today to make Check your mini-midterm today to make sure you have turned/completed in sure you have turned/completed in everything.everything.
Feldspar Mica
Quartz
Olivine
Some Silicate Minerals Some Silicate Minerals
Chip Clark
Pyroxene
Mica
FELDSPARFELDSPAR
Chip Clark
FELDSPARFELDSPAR
FELDSPARFELDSPAR
Mica
QUARTZQUARTZ
Chip Clark
Mica
MICAMICA
Chip Clark
Minerals Minerals • Nonsilicate minerals Nonsilicate minerals
•CarbonatesCarbonates•Native ElementsNative Elements•SulfatesSulfates•HalidesHalides•OxidesOxides•SulfidesSulfides
A Carbonate Mineral A Carbonate Mineral
CaCO3
Also Dolomite is a carbonate Also Dolomite is a carbonate mineral CaMg(COmineral CaMg(CO33))22
Native Element Native Element (Sulfur) – non metal(Sulfur) – non metal
Native Element Native Element (Copper) - metal(Copper) - metal
Graphite (C) Used in PencilsGraphite (C) Used in Pencils
A Sulfate MineralA Sulfate Mineral
Very soft mineral – Used in Dry Wall
A Halide Mineral - A Halide Mineral - Halite (Table Salt)Halite (Table Salt)
A Halide Mineral A Halide Mineral (Fluorite)(Fluorite)
An Oxide Mineral An Oxide Mineral (Magnetite – lodestone (Magnetite – lodestone
– iron ore)– iron ore)
An Oxide Mineral An Oxide Mineral (Hematite – iron ore)(Hematite – iron ore)
A Sulfide Mineral A Sulfide Mineral (Pyrite – fool’s gold)(Pyrite – fool’s gold)
A Sulfide Mineral A Sulfide Mineral (Galena – lead ore)(Galena – lead ore)
Happy Thursday!Happy Thursday!
►Please complete the Please complete the ►Ch. 2 Vocabulary pg. 60 (22 words) Ch. 2 Vocabulary pg. 60 (22 words)
due Friday!due Friday!►Midterms go out today to be signed Midterms go out today to be signed
and returned for a Homework Grade!and returned for a Homework Grade!
To be able to identify these and To be able to identify these and other minerals, we need to look other minerals, we need to look
at the at the properties properties used to used to separate and distinguish these separate and distinguish these
minerals.minerals.
Remember!...Remember!...
Rarely is a mineral identified Rarely is a mineral identified by a single property.by a single property.
These properties need to be These properties need to be considered together to considered together to
correctly identify a mineral.correctly identify a mineral.
Color is the most easily Color is the most easily observed mineral property observed mineral property
and the and the leastleast useful useful because many minerals because many minerals have similar colors, and have similar colors, and some minerals come in some minerals come in
many colors. many colors.
Some minerals are only one Some minerals are only one color such as cinnabar, color such as cinnabar,
which is always red, and which is always red, and malachite, which is green.malachite, which is green.
However, many minerals However, many minerals have a similar color.have a similar color.
Many minerals can turn Many minerals can turn colors due to impurities, or colors due to impurities, or they can change colors in they can change colors in
various circumstances.various circumstances.
For example, pure quartz is For example, pure quartz is colorless or white, colorless or white,
impurities can make the impurities can make the mineral rose, purple or pink!mineral rose, purple or pink!
Turn to the Mineral Turn to the Mineral Identification Chart in your Identification Chart in your
notes. List A, B and C under notes. List A, B and C under sample number. sample number.
Then, look at your minerals Then, look at your minerals and record the color for and record the color for
minerals A, B, and C on the minerals A, B, and C on the chart in your notes.chart in your notes.
Luster refers to the way a Luster refers to the way a mineral shines in reflected mineral shines in reflected
light.light.
Minerals can have a Minerals can have a metallic metallic lusterluster, or a , or a nonmetallic nonmetallic
lusterluster..
There are several terms used There are several terms used to describe nonmetallic to describe nonmetallic
luster. Examples could be luster. Examples could be vitreous or glassyvitreous or glassy, like the , like the
quartz on the left, or quartz on the left, or pearlypearly, , like the gypsum on the like the gypsum on the
right.right.
Other terms that might be Other terms that might be used include used include greasy, dull, and greasy, dull, and
earthy or waxyearthy or waxy..Can you tell which of these has an Can you tell which of these has an
earthy luster and which has a earthy luster and which has a vitreous luster?vitreous luster?
VitreousEarthy
What is the Luster?Metallic Nonmetallic
Look at your minerals and Look at your minerals and record the luster for minerals record the luster for minerals
A, B, and CA, B, and C
StreakStreak of a mineral is the of a mineral is the color of its powder when color of its powder when rubbed on an unglazed rubbed on an unglazed
white tile.white tile.
Color of Streak
The streak is often not the same The streak is often not the same color as the mineral. color as the mineral.
A minerals color may vary, but A minerals color may vary, but the streak rarely will!the streak rarely will!
Look at your minerals and Look at your minerals and use the streak plate to record use the streak plate to record the streak for minerals A, B, the streak for minerals A, B,
and Cand C
The The cleavage cleavage of a mineral is its of a mineral is its tendency to split easily or to tendency to split easily or to separate along flat surfaces.separate along flat surfaces.
Cleavage
Cleavage
MicaMica is probably the best is probably the best example as it splits into thin example as it splits into thin sheets. It is said to have one sheets. It is said to have one
perfect cleavage.perfect cleavage.
FeldsparFeldspar splits readily in two splits readily in two directions, always at or near directions, always at or near
right angles.right angles.
CalciteCalcite and and galenagalena cleave in three cleave in three directions.directions.
They are said to have three good They are said to have three good cleavages.cleavages.
Three examples of Three examples of perfect cleavage – perfect cleavage –
fluorite, halite, fluorite, halite, and calciteand calcite
Not all minerals show cleavage.Not all minerals show cleavage.
Those that don’t break along cleavage Those that don’t break along cleavage surfaces are said to have surfaces are said to have fracturefracture..
Quartz has Quartz has Conchoidal Conchoidal fracturefracture
Look at your minerals and Look at your minerals and record cleavage or fracture record cleavage or fracture
for minerals A, B, and Cfor minerals A, B, and C
Happy Friday!Happy Friday!
►Please take out vocabulary for me Please take out vocabulary for me to check.to check.
►MIDTERMS today are to be signed MIDTERMS today are to be signed and returned by Tuesday! This is and returned by Tuesday! This is a homework grade!a homework grade!
The The hardnesshardness of a mineral is its of a mineral is its resistance to being scratched.resistance to being scratched.
Diamond (left) is the hardest of all Diamond (left) is the hardest of all minerals, and talc (right) is the minerals, and talc (right) is the
softest.softest.
Friedrich Friedrich MohsMohs devised a devised a hardness scale. hardness scale.
In this scale, ten well-known In this scale, ten well-known minerals are given numbers minerals are given numbers
from one to ten.from one to ten.Lets take a look at the ten Lets take a look at the ten
minerals used and some of the minerals used and some of the simple tests.simple tests.
Mohs Hardness Scale
1 2
45
3
109
876
Talc Talc (left) is the softest and has a (left) is the softest and has a hardness of 1. A soft pencil lead hardness of 1. A soft pencil lead
will scratch talc.will scratch talc.GypsumGypsum is a bit harder and has a is a bit harder and has a
hardness of 2. A fingernail hardness of 2. A fingernail scratches gypsum.scratches gypsum.
CalciteCalcite (left) has a hardness of 3 and (left) has a hardness of 3 and a copper penny just scratches it.a copper penny just scratches it.
Fluorite (right)Fluorite (right) has a hardness of 4 has a hardness of 4 and it can be scratched by an iron and it can be scratched by an iron
or brass nail.or brass nail.
ApatiteApatite (left) has a hardness of 5 and can (left) has a hardness of 5 and can be scratched by a steel knife blade.be scratched by a steel knife blade.
Orthoclase FeldsparOrthoclase Feldspar (right) has a hardness (right) has a hardness of 6 and it will scratch a window glass.of 6 and it will scratch a window glass.
QuartzQuartz (left), with a hardness of 7, (left), with a hardness of 7, is the hardest of the common is the hardest of the common
minerals. It easily scratches hard minerals. It easily scratches hard glass and steel.glass and steel.
TopazTopaz has a hardness of 8 and will has a hardness of 8 and will scratch quartz.scratch quartz.
CorundumCorundum (left) has a hardness of 9. (left) has a hardness of 9. Corundum will scratch topaz.Corundum will scratch topaz.
DiamondDiamond with its hardness of 10 can with its hardness of 10 can easily scratch the rest of the easily scratch the rest of the
minerals. minerals.
Look at Mohs Hardness Scale Look at Mohs Hardness Scale on the next page…on the next page…
IF you CAN scratch the IF you CAN scratch the mineral with the tool, the mineral with the tool, the
mineral is SOFTER (LOWER mineral is SOFTER (LOWER number) than the tool.number) than the tool.
If you CAN scratch the tool If you CAN scratch the tool with the mineral, the mineral with the mineral, the mineral is HARDER (HIGHER number) is HARDER (HIGHER number)
than the object.than the object.
IF you canNOT scratch the IF you canNOT scratch the mineral with the tool, the mineral with the tool, the
mineral is HARDER (HIGHER mineral is HARDER (HIGHER number) than the tool.number) than the tool.
If you canNOT scratch the If you canNOT scratch the tool with the mineral, the tool with the mineral, the
mineral is SOFTER (LOWER mineral is SOFTER (LOWER number) than the object.number) than the object.
Use the tools and Use the tools and record the hardness record the hardness (a number from 1-(a number from 1-
10) for minerals A, B, 10) for minerals A, B, and Cand C
Identify your three minerals!!Identify your three minerals!!
►Page 54-55 in textPage 54-55 in text
Happy Monday!Happy Monday!►Remember: Midterms and Remember: Midterms and
CH. 2 Vocabulary are due CH. 2 Vocabulary are due tomorrow!!!!tomorrow!!!!
Crystal shapeCrystal shape can be a useful can be a useful property to identify minerals if property to identify minerals if the minerals have had the time the minerals have had the time
and space to form crystals. and space to form crystals. Most mineral grains that are Most mineral grains that are
found in rocks, lack the room to found in rocks, lack the room to grow.grow.
Crystal form
Quartz
Isometric(cubic)
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Hexagonal
TrigonalMonoclinic
Specific gravitySpecific gravity tells you how tells you how many times as dense as water many times as dense as water
the mineral is.the mineral is.
Pure gold can have a specific Pure gold can have a specific gravity as high as 19.3!gravity as high as 19.3!
CalciteCalcite is calcium carbonate, is calcium carbonate, CaCOCaCO33. If a drop of weak . If a drop of weak
hydrochloric acid is placed on hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, the acid bubbles as calcite, the acid bubbles as carbon dioxide is released.carbon dioxide is released.
Malleable
Magnetic
Radioactive
Flourescence Taste
Minerals that can be hammered Minerals that can be hammered thin or shaped are said to show thin or shaped are said to show
these properties.these properties.
Can you think of a mineral that Can you think of a mineral that might be shaped or hammered?might be shaped or hammered?
GoldGold and and CopperCopper would be a would be a perfect examples!perfect examples!
These are both native elements
Some minerals Some minerals that contain that contain
Iron, are Iron, are magnetic and magnetic and can be picked can be picked
up by a magnet. up by a magnet. EX: Magnetite EX: Magnetite
This is the state of This is the state of glowing while under glowing while under an ultraviolet light.an ultraviolet light.
Some minerals even Some minerals even glow once the light glow once the light
is turned off! is turned off! Called Called PhosphorescencePhosphorescence
►Fluorescent Minerals
Some minerals, Some minerals, such as this such as this
uraniniteuraninite, are , are radioactive.radioactive.
They give off They give off subatomic subatomic
particles that will particles that will activate a activate a Geiger Geiger
countercounter..
HaliteHalite (rock salt) (rock salt) can be can be
identified by its identified by its taste.taste.
This practice is This practice is not not
recommended!recommended!
Specific Gravity Lab/crystalsSpecific Gravity Lab/crystals
Crystal System LabCrystal System Lab
►Look at the paper models on your Look at the paper models on your desk. Order them 1-7. Use desk. Order them 1-7. Use observation and measurement observation and measurement with rulers to write down the with rulers to write down the attributes of each of the crystal attributes of each of the crystal systems.systems.
Crystal Cave
Happy Tuesday!!Happy Tuesday!!
►Please turn in your SIGNED Please turn in your SIGNED midtermsmidterms..
►Then complete the Mineral Then complete the Mineral Tests Matching in your notes Tests Matching in your notes packet.packet.
Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources
Renewable vs. Non-Renewable vs. Non-RenewableRenewable
►Renewable energy – Renewable energy – sources that are replaced sources that are replaced as fast as they are as fast as they are consumed. consumed.
►Ex: wind, geothermal, Ex: wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and hydroelectric, solar and Ocean Ocean
Renewable vs. Non-Renewable vs. Non-RenewableRenewable
►Nonrenewable energy – sources Nonrenewable energy – sources that are replaced much more that are replaced much more slowly by natural processes slowly by natural processes than they are consumed. Ex: than they are consumed. Ex: Minerals and all Minerals and all fossil fuelsfossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and (petroleum, natural gas, and coal). Fossil fuels come from the coal). Fossil fuels come from the remains of ancient organisms.remains of ancient organisms.
Precious Metals Precious Metals &Gemstones&Gemstones
►Ex: 1. SilverEx: 1. Silver highest electrical highest electrical conductivity conductivity
SilverSilver
►highest electrical and thermal highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal conductivity of any metal
2. Diamonds2. Diamonds
Hardest mineral knownHardest mineral known
DiamondsDiamonds
Hardest mineral knownHardest mineral known
3. Sapphires, Rubies & 3. Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds
►Second hardest Second hardest mineralmineral
Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds
►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest
mineralmineral
Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds
►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest
mineralmineral
Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds
►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest
mineralmineral
Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds
►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest
mineralmineral
OresOres
►Ex: 1. Magnetite and Ex: 1. Magnetite and HematiteHematite Iron OreIron Ore
OresOres
►Ex: 2. MalachiteEx: 2. Malachite CopperCopper
OreOre
OresOres
►Ex: 3. CinnabarEx: 3. Cinnabar Mercury OreMercury Ore
►Ex: 4. BauxiteEx: 4. Bauxite►Aluminum OreAluminum Ore
The Bingham copper The Bingham copper mine in Utahmine in Utah
Salts & Other mineralsSalts & Other minerals
►Ex: 1. Halite and GypsumEx: 1. Halite and Gypsum – – EvaporitesEvaporites Formed from the evaporation Formed from the evaporation of waterof water
Salt Dome Salt Dome
FormationFormation
Source: www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/files/OGL98124.gif
Astronaut photo of the southwestern edge of Astronaut photo of the southwestern edge of the the Zagros Mountains featuring featuring salt domes
(the white section in the middle and the bump (the white section in the middle and the bump on the left).on the left).
Source http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17245
Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Bay Bay
(Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center )
Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Bay Bay
(Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center )
Death Death Valley,Valley,
CaliforniaCalifornia► Once a deepOnce a deep
Pleistocene LakePleistocene Lake(100 miles long(100 miles long600 feet deep)600 feet deep)
► Change in Change in climate at endclimate at endof ice age cause of ice age cause evaporation and evaporation and precipitation of precipitation of saltssalts
Wieliczka Salt Mine, PolandWieliczka Salt Mine, Poland
Great cathedral, a large chamber carved entirely within salt, including floor,
walls, ceiling, and decorations. Chandeliers are made with salt crystals.
Closeup view of the cathedral's altar.Photo date 9/97; © by J.S. Aber http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec14/wielicz.htm
St. Anthony’s Chapel, built between 1690-1710 St. John Chapel built ~1859
Wieliczka Salt MineWieliczka Salt Mine
Virtual Tour
An underground halite An underground halite (salt) mine(salt) mine
Salts and Other mineralsSalts and Other minerals
►Ex: 2. Manganese nodulesEx: 2. Manganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins
Other mineralsOther minerals
►Manganese nodulesManganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins Origin unknownOrigin unknown
Other mineralsOther minerals
►Manganese nodulesManganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins Origin unknownOrigin unknown
Other mineralsOther minerals
►Manganese nodulesManganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins Origin unknownOrigin unknown
Rock, Sand and GravelRock, Sand and Gravel
►EX: Limestone (Valley and Ridge EX: Limestone (Valley and Ridge province) and sand and gravel province) and sand and gravel (Coastal Plain) in Virginia for (Coastal Plain) in Virginia for constructionconstruction
Minerals videoMinerals video
Happy Wednesday!Happy Wednesday!►Chapter 2 Test tomorrow!Chapter 2 Test tomorrow!►Extra credit opportunity:Extra credit opportunity:
Mohs scale puzzle in notes Mohs scale puzzle in notes (complete before you turn in (complete before you turn in your notes tomorrow!!)your notes tomorrow!!)
►Be sure to bring your book Be sure to bring your book tomorrow (for Ch. 3 Vocabulary).tomorrow (for Ch. 3 Vocabulary).
►Clicker ReviewClicker Review