Download - Habitat and Ecological Niche
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Community Interactions
Symbiosis, predator/prey, and coevolution
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Objectives
• To be able to differentiate between the concepts of habitat and niche
• To be able to describe symbiosis and identify a symbiotic relationship.
• To be able to synthesize the concepts of habitat and niche with coevolution and evolutionary arms race.
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Vocabulary
• Competition• Predation• Symbiosis• Mutualism• Commensalism • Parasitism • Evolutionary Arms Race• Coevolution
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Concept Recapitulation - Habitat
• Habitat – all of the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where the organism lives.– You can think of habitat as the organism’s address
(a bison’s address is the prairie ecosystem).
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Concept Recapitulation - Niche
• Ecological Niche – we simplified this concepts earlier as a species’ job (it is more complex). – To be more precise, a species’ niche is all of the
physical, chemical, and biological factors needed to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce.
– This is made up of:• food (what the species eats), • behavior (including food gathering and reproductive), • and abiotic conditions (conditions like temperature and
amount of water that a species can tolerate).
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When your habitat changes and your ecological niche is threatened
• http://iowapublicradio.org/post/algae-bloom-kills-record-number-florida-manatees
• As you listen, jot down (as much as you can) what the manatees habitat and ecological niche are.
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Community Interactions
• Symbiosis – a close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species that live in direct contact with one another.
• Mutualism – an interspecies interaction in which both species benefit from one another.– Ex. The leaf cutter ants and the fungus they
cultivate and harvest (we will see a video on this). They depend completely on one another.
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Leaf Cutter Ants
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOV0E5FaKoQ. Ancient Amazonian Farmers.
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Mutualism between lesser long-nosed bat and saguaro cactus
• The cactus blooms just one evening in spring to attract the lesser long-nosed bat.
http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/lesser_long-nosed_bat.shtml
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Quick Question
• What is the lesser long-nose bat’s habitat and niche?
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Commensalism
An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
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Human Commensalists
• At least two species of mites live commensalistically on the foreheads of humans.
• Demodex folliculorum lives in hair follicles, whereas Demodex brevis inhabits the sebaceous glands.
• The mites spend the day in the protected confines of their respective hiding places; however, at night, they typically move from one place to another - unnoticed by you, their host
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Parasitism
• A non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host
Lung parasite on lung of a cane toad.
Deer liver fluke
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Can you identify this?
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Human Parasites
Chagas disease – caused by a tropical protozoan carried by insects called kissing bugs, which are blood parasites (they suck their hosts’ blood). The picture below is of a child in the acute stage of Chagas disease.
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Concepts Continued
• Coevolution – the process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other.
• Evolutionary arms race – a type of coevolution in which each species responds to pressure (often a predator/prey relationship) from the other through better adaptations over many generations. – Greatly speeds up evolution – newts and garter snakes (
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CuhqQzBACQ)
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Fun Question
• What do sea otters and striped skunks have in common?