Guzamala LGA - Situation OverviewBorno State, Nigeria - March 2018
KEY FINDINGS:• MostofGuzamalaLocalGovernmentArea(LGA)inBornoState,Nigeria,hasbeeninaccessible
tohumanitarianactorssince2014whentheconflictescalated.TheUnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairsHumanitarianSecurityandAccessWorkingGrouppreviouslyreportedthatasmanyas993,000peoplestillliveinhardtoreachareas,includingGuzamalaLGA,howeverthereislimitedinformationontheirneeds,conditionsandmovementintentions.
• Historic displacement out of Guzamala LGA in 2014 initially showed many householdsdisplacinglocallytoothernearbyvillages.ThesehouseholdswouldthenlaterbesecondarilydisplacedtolocationsoutsideofGuzamalaLGA,suchasGajiram,Monguno,andMaiduguri.PeopletookavarietyofroutesthroughGasarwa,GubioandDamasaktownsenroutetotheirfinaldestinationsincludingMaiduguri,Monguno,Gubio,andGajiram.
• Current displacement patterns inGuzamala LGA include: (1) Both primary and secondarydisplacement into current locations inGajiram,Gasarwa,Ali Gambori, Mariari, Bunari andMonguno;(2)pendulardisplacement1betweenvillagesoforiginandnearby,largervillageswithin Guzamala LGA where households have displaced to; (3) long-distance pendulardisplacement,whereinternallydisplacedpersons(IDPs)inMaiduguriaretravellingbackandforthbetweenMaiduguriandtheirvillagesoforigin;and(4)thoseIDPsstartingtoreturntotheirvillagesoforigininGuzamalaLGA.Shorter,morefrequentpendulardisplacementreportedlyoccursbecausepeoplewanttocheckontheirvillagesorgatherresources,whileinpendulardisplacement fromMaiduguripeople travel tocheckonfamilyandconditions,andfor tradepurposes.
• Key Informants (KIs) reported a total of 43 villages in which households were completelydisplaced sinceDecember 2017,mostly fromwards ofGuzamalaWest, Kingarwa,MairariandWamiri.KIsalsoreported88villageswithnon-displacedhouseholds,withknowledgeasrecentasDecember2017,reportedinallwardsthoughthemajorityofreportsonvillagesinGuzamalaWestandEast.
• ThemajorityofKIsfromGuzamalaLGAreportedtheywouldonlyreturntotheirownvillage(71%),oranothernearbyvillage(7%),withinthenextthreemonthsiftolditwassafebythemilitary.FGDparticipantsfromGuzamalaWestandGudumbaliWeststatedtheyplannedtoreturntotheirvillagesduringthenextrainyseasontofarm.
• Forhouseholdsdisplacedwithinthelastthreemonths,FGDparticipantsreportedattacksbyArmedOppositionGroups (AOGs)andanumberofprotectionconcernsas triggering theirdisplacement,includingkillingofcivilians,forcedrecruitmentofmenandboys,kidnappingofchildrenforransom,forcedmarriage,sexualassault,physicalviolence,theftanddestructionofgoodsandproperty.
• Access to water is reportedly a major challenge in Guzamala LGA. In Kingarwa, Mairari,WamiriandGuworamwards,unprotectedwellswithpoorwaterqualityarereportedlypeoples’primarywatersource,someofwhichevaporatesinthedryseason.InGudumbaliEastandWest,participantsreportedlimitedwaterpointsandlongqueuesintheirvillages.Furthermore,thesewaterpointsareextraburdenedduetothehostingofdisplacedhouseholdsfromothernearbyvillages.
• Signsofsevere iodinedeficiency (swollennecks) inwomenandchildrenwere reportedbyparticipantsfromGudumbaliWestandModuriwards.
Map 1: Historic displacement patterns in Guzamala LGA
22
INTRODUCTIONGuzamalaLocalGovernmentArea(LGA)inBornoStateislocatedapproximately125kilometresnorthofthestatecapital,Maiduguri.ThemajorityoftheLGAhasbeenconsideredinaccessibletohumanitarianactorssinceintensificationoftheconflictin2013,withonlysomevillagesaccessiblealong theMaiduguri-Monguno road.The InternationalOrganization forMigrationDisplacementTrackingMatrix(IOM-DTM)reportedasmanyas994InternallyDisplacedPersons(IDPs)currentlyresidinginMairari,AliGamboriandBunarivillagesnearthisroadasofFebruary20182.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairsHumanitarianSecurityandAccessWorkingGroup,thereareestimatedtobeasmanyas993,000non-displacedindividualsstill livingwithinareashard to reachby internationalhumanitarianactors inNortheastNigeria,includinginGuzamalaLGA3.AuthoritieshaverecentlystatedthattheLGAcapital,Gudumbali,islikelytobecomeaccessibletohumanitarianactorsassoonasMay2018.In an effort to bridge current information gaps, REACH conducted an Area of Knowledgeassessment to better understand the conditions, needs and movement intentions of thosecurrently living inandpreviouslydisplaced fromGuzamalaLGA.Effortsweremade to involveparticipantsfromeachwardinGuzamalaLGAasmuchaspossible.Additionally,withthesupportoftheStatePrimaryHealthcareDevelopmentAgency(SPHCDA),atotalof315keyinformantswereinterviewedcomprisingof76Bulamas,210communitymembers,5commercialdrivers,17immunization service providers, 6 civil servants andonemarket vendorwere interviewedandaskedtoreportontheirownvillage,andanyothervillagestheyhadinformationoninGuzamalaLGA.KeyInformants(KIs)reportedonthestatusof315villages intotal inGuzamalaLGA.Ofthesevillages,KIsreportedhavingrecentknowledgesinceDecember2017on229villages.
MOVEMENT HISTORYPrevious Displacement and RoutesFocusGroupDiscussion(FGD)participantsinMaiduguriandGajiramsitesfromGudumbaliEast,GudumbaliWest,Moduri,AduwaandGuzamalaWestwardsofGuzamalaLGAreportedinitiallybeingdisplaced in2014,andwereable todescribetheirdisplacementexperiencesandroutesfromthattime.Twomainpatternswereobserved:firstlywherehouseholdswoulddisplacelocallytoothernearbyvillageswithinGuzamalaLGA,andsecondlywherehouseholdswoulddisplaceoutofGuzamalaLGAtolargertownssuchasGajiram,MongunoandMaiduguri.
Inthefirstdisplacementpattern,localizeddisplacement,FGDparticipantsreportedbeinginitiallydisplacedandmoving toothernearbyvillages forvarying lengthsof time (onemonth tomorethanayear).Participantsfromtwovillagesmentionedattemptingtoreturntotheirvillagesafterthisfirstdisplacement,only tobe later forced tofleeagaindue toAOGattacks. In theseconddisplacementpattern,someparticipantsreportedlydisplacedfartherawayfromtheirvillagesoforigin to sites includingMonguno,Gasarwa,Gajiram,Gubio andMaiduguri.Thiswould occur
Area of Knowledge (AoK) MethodologyREACHutilizedFGDswithdisplacedcommunitiesandinterviewswithkeyinformantswithrecentinformationonoraccesstohard-to-reachareasinGuzamalaLGA.FGDswereconductedfrom26Februaryto3March2018.Intotal,20FGDswereconducted,eachconsistingofdisplacedpersonsfromtwovillages,coveringatotalof20villages.TenFGDswereheldwithBulamasandmenfromthosevillages,andtenwithwomen.AtleasttwoFGDswereconductedwithmenandwomenfromeachwardofthe20wardsinGuzamalaLGAwiththeexceptionofGuzamalaEast.Whenpossible,villageswerepurposivelyselectedforthosestillreportedlyhavingnon-displacedhouseholds.SomeFGDswereconductedinMaiduguriwithparticipantsfromvillagesdisplacedsince2014,butwhohadinformationfromcommunitymembersortraderswhoregularlytravelbackandforthbetweenMaiduguriandtheirvillagesoforigin.OtherFGDswereconductedwithIDPsinGajiram,Gasarwa,AliGambori,Mairari,andBunari.Questionsfocusedondisplacementpatterns,routes,movementintentions,andneedsandconditionsinboththeirareaoforiginandcurrentlocation.FGDtranscriptswereanalysedforcommonthemesexperiencedbydisplacedhouseholds,andfordifferencesreportedbetweenmenandwomen.KIinterviewswereconductedwithBulamas,communitymembers,commercialdrivers,healthserviceproviders,andcivilservantswithknowledgeofvillagesinGuzamalaLGA,inMaiduguri,Gajiram,Gasarwa,AliGambori,Mairari,BunariandMonguno.Questionsfocusedonestimationsof remainingnumberofdisplacedandnon-displacedhouseholds,andmovement intentions.Analysisfordisplacedhouseholdsfocusedonlyonthosevillageswhereallhouseholdswerereportedascompletelydisplacedwithinthelastthreemonthspriortodatacollection.Whereasanalysisfornon-displacedhouseholdsfocusedonvillageswhichhadrecentinformationfromwithinthelastthreemonthspriortodatacollection.Dataoutsidethesetimeframeswasexcludedfromanalysis.
Table 1: Focus Groups and Key Informants Summary
Study SiteMale FGDs
Total (# men)
Female FGDs
Total (# women)
Number key informants
Number villages reported on
(recent info last 3 months)
Guzamala Wards Represented in FGDs
Maiduguri 5(40) 5(36) 23 38 GuzamalaWest,GudumbaliEastandWest,Moduri,Aduwa
Gajiram 1(7) 1(6) --- --- Aduwa
Gasarwa 1(6) 1(6) 67 25 Mairari
AliGambori 1(8) 1(8) 49 35 Kingarwa
Mairari 1(5) 1(7) 116 94 Guworam
Bunari 1(8) 1(8) 12 9 Wamiri
Monguno --- --- 48 28 Various
TOTAL 10 (74) 10 (71) 315 229
3 Durkwa-atypeofcart
eitherasasecondarydisplacementfromvillagestheyhadstayedinclosetotheirvillageoforigin,oratthetimeoftheirfirstdisplacement.
Attacks,fearofattacksandharassmentbyAOGs,lackoffoodandofadequateshelterandtherecommendationofthemilitarytoleavewereallreasonscitedbyFGDparticipantsforleavingtheirvillagesoforigin.Theyreportedchoosingtheirdestinationsbasedonthepresenceofrelativesand friends who they could get assistance from, access to food assistance and livelihoodsopportunities,andgreaterperceivedsecurityintheselocations.
Mostparticipantsreportedthatatthetimeofdisplacementeitherallorgroupsofhouseholdsintheirvillagesoforiginwoulddecidetoleavetogether.Someparticipantsreportedthatthechildrenandwomenwouldleavefirst,whileparticipantsfromonevillagereportedthatthemenleftfirst.ThisvariationreportedlydependedonwhichgroupofpeoplewerebeingtargetedandtakenawaybyAOGsinthoseparticularvillages.Insomevillages,theelderlyreportedlychosetostaybehindbecause they refused to leave their livestockandhomes.Mostparticipantsdidnot reportanysecurityincidentswhiletheyweretravellingtotheircurrentlocations.
Some participants reported bringing identificationwith them,while others stated they avoidedcarrying identification for fearofbeing foundwith it andkilledbyAOGs.There is reportedlyaperceptionbyAOGsthatpossessionofnationalidentificationmeansyouarethereforeaffiliatedwiththestate.Asreportedelsewhere,onlyafewhouseholdswerereportedlyabletobringfooditemswiththem.SomeparticipantsfromGudumbalireportednotbeingabletobringmuchwiththembecauseatthetimetheybelievedtheywereonlyleavingforashorttime.
RECENT MOVEMENTS OVERVIEWFGD participants and KIs reported four recent movement patterns occurring within the threemonthspriortodatacollection.
1. Primary and secondary displacementInthefirstmovementpattern,FGDparticipantsdescribedbothprimaryandsecondarydisplacementinto their current locations in Gajiram, Gasarwa, Ali Gambori, Mariari, Bunari and Monguno.Householdsfromthesamevillagewouldreportedlyeitheralldisplaceto thesamedestination,orwould split upwhile headed to their ownpreferred locations.Those recently displaced intotheselocationsreportedfollowingbushpathstowardstheirdestination,travellingbyfootorusingdonkeysand“durkwas”(two-wheeledcarts)tocarrychildrenandelderlymembersthatagreedtoleave.InseveralFGDs, itwasmentionedthatsomeelderlydecidedtostaybehindintheirvillagestotakecareoftheirhomesandlivestock,andbecausetheydidnotwanttoleavetheirtraditionalhomeland.Noassistancewas reportedly receivedduring theparticipants’ journeys,other than
Map 2: Recent movement patterns reported by FGDs and KIs within the last three months prior to data collection
4Non-displacedhouseholdsinKingarwawerereportedinAliGambori,oneofthemaindisplacementsitesonthemainMaiduguri-Mongunoroad.Manyofthevillagesreportedwithnon-displacedhouseholdsinGuzamalaWestaresmall,with20householdsorfewer.
stayingovernightatafewvillagesontheway.Whilemostparticipantsatthesedisplacementsitesdidnotreportanysecurityincidentsenroute,participantsfromKingarwawardreportedincidentsincluding abductions of men and children, complications or miscarriages for some pregnantwomen,injuriesduetoAOGattacksanddeathsduetostressornaturalcauses.Ofthe43villagesreportedbyKIs ashavingall householdsdisplaced sinceDecember 2017,mostwere said todisplaceduetofearofAOGs(67%),whileothersreportedlydisplacedduetoanattackbyAOGs(23%),poorlivingconditions(11%)andattherequestofthemilitary(2%).
2. Localized, pendular displacementThesecondmovementpattern thatwasobservedwas, localized, pendulardisplacement hasbeen occurring throughout all the wards in Guzamala LGA. According to FGD participants,householdsaredisplacingtonearby,largervillagesthathavegreaterperceivedsecurityduetothepresenceofmilitarypatrolsorcheckpoints.Somevillagersthenreportedlyreturntotheirvillagesoforiginduringthedaytimetocheckonremainingfamilymembers,fetchwaterorfirewood,orcheckontheirhomes.Atnight,villagersreturnedsleepintownsorvillageswithbettersecurity.WhilethisdisplacementpatternhasbeenobservedintownsalongtheMaiduguri-Mongunoroadinrecentmonths,suchasinKingarwa,Mairari,WamiriandGuworamwards,FGDparticipantsalsoreportedittobeoccurringinhard-to-reachwardssuchasGudumbaliEast,GudumbaliWest,
Table 2: Number of reported displaced, non-displaced and returnee households in the three months prior to data collection, reported by KIs
WardDisplaced
# households (villages)
Non-displaced
# households (villages)
Returnees (last month)
# households (villages)
GudumbaliEast 85(2) 365(3) 2(2)
GudumbaliWest 11(1) 749(4) 10(1)
Moduri --- 420(4) 390(4)
Aduwa --- 120(5) ---
GuzamalaEast 10(0) 811(19) 68(2)
GuzamalaWest 220(7) 742(34) 50(1)
Kingarwa 399(13) 270(1) 4(1)
Mairari 157(8) 220(7) 143(6)
Wamiri 629(9) 164(7) ---
Guworam 151(3) 220(2) 3(1)
TOTAL 1,662 (43) 4,081 (88) 668 (18)
Map 3: Number of estimated non-displaced and returnee households reported by KIs within the three months prior to data collection
5
1
4
6
9
63
Fate
Nowhere to go/Unable to travel
Livelihoods
Home
Safety and security
Figure 1: Number of KI responses, reasons reported for displacement (n = 43)
Figure 2: Number of KI responses, reasons reported for remaining in village (n = 88)
Figure 4: Information source for villages with non-displaced households, as reported by KIs (n = 88)
Figure 3: Information source for villages with displaced households, as reported by KIs (n = 43)
1
1
2
16
23
Phone
Herdsmen
New Arrivals
Self
CJTF
1
4
11
12
65
Religious Leader
Phone
New Arrivals
CJTF
Self
ModuriandAduwa.
3. Long-distance, infrequent, pendular displacementInthethirdpendulardisplacementpattern,FGDparticipantsinMaidugurireportedlessfrequentmovementbetweenMaiduguriandtheirvillagesoforigin.Thiswasreportedbyparticipants inMaiduguri originating fromGudumbali East, GudumbaliWest, Moduri,Aduwa andGuzamalaWestwards.Intheseinstances,displacedBulamasandmeninMaiduguriwouldreportedlytravelback to their villages once or twice amonth to check on their village and the non-displacedpersonsthere.Participantsreportedthismovementwentbothways,astradersorrelativesstilllivinginthevillagewouldoftentraveltoMaidugurialsotobuy,sellorpickupgoods,andthenreturn to their village.Depending on the destination inGuzamala, people reportedly travelledthrougheitherGubioorGajiramtowns.Someparticipantsreportedhavingtravelledbacktotheirvillagesoforigintoharvestthelastseason,andthenreturningtotheirsiteofdisplacementforsafety.
4. Returnees to villages of originTheforthmovementpatternobservedwasIDPsreturningtotheirvillagesoforigin.Ofvillagestheyhad knowledgeon,KIs estimatedat least 668householdshad returned to their villageswithinthelastmonthnotablytothewardsofModuri,Mairari,GuzamalaWest,GuzamalaEast,andGudumbaliEast.SomeFGDparticipantsreportedthatinsomelocationspeoplehavebeenslowlyreturningtotheirvillagesonandoffformorethanthepastyear.
MOVEMENT INTENTIONSNon-displaced persons movement intentionsAsreportedbyFGDparticipantsandKIs,peopleremainingintheirvillagesoforigininModuri,Aduwa,GudumbaliEast,andGudumbaliWestmentionedthat theyhavenoplansto leaveasofnowbecausetheybelievetheirvillagesarerelativelysafecomparedtobeforeduetomoreregularmilitarypresenceorbecausetheywanttostayintheirtraditionalhomes,withaccesstolivelihoodssuchasfarmingandlivestock.AdirectattackbyAOGsontheirvillagesorarequestfromthemilitary,wouldbepossibletriggersforthemtodisplace,accordingtoboththeparticipantsandKIs.Onlytwovillages,oneinGuzamalaEastandtheotherinMairariward,reportedlyhadnon-displacedhouseholdswithanyintentiontodisplaceinthenearfuture,duetoAOGsandlackoflivelihoodsintheirvillagesoforigin.
Guzamala IDPs movement intentionsPresently, FGD participants in Gasarwa, Ali Gambori, Mairari and Bunari reportedly did notperceive their villages of origin to be safe andwould not yet return to them.However theseparticipantsreportedthatifthemilitarytoldthemitwassafe,theywouldbewillingtoreturntotheirvillagesoforigin.MainreasonsmentionedinFGDsforreturningwouldbefortheirfarming
Figure 6: Reasons for returning for Guzamala IDPs in Maiduguri, reported by KIs (n = 19)
Figure 5: Reasons for returning for Guzamala IDPs outside Maiduguri, reported by KIs (n = 142)
Keyinformantsgavemultipleanswersforthesequestions,soresponsesmaynotaddupto100%
1
5
10
29
Military
Poor Living
Attack by AOGs
Fear of AOGs
4
34
110
Home
Livelihoods
Peace and Security
2
14
Home
Livelihoods
6
Map 4: Number of estimated displaced households reported by KIs within the three months prior to data collection
and regular livelihoods activities and attachment to their traditional homeland.They explainedtheywouldnotwanttogotoanothervillagebecausetheywouldnothaveaccesstofarmlands,wouldfeeluncertainaboutthesecurityofthatplaceandbecauseitwasnottheirhome.Of142KIsreportingontheirownvillagesindisplacementsitesoutsideofMaiduguri,themajoritymentionedpeaceandsecurity(77%)asthemainreasontheywouldgobacktotheirvillageoforigin,followedbyaccesstolivelihoods(24%)andreturningtotheirhomeland(3%).KIsinAliGambori,GasarwaandMairarireportedknowledgeofsomevillages(9)wheresomehouseholds(153)wereactivelyreturningwithinthelastmonth.
Maidugiri IDPs movement intentionsFor thosedisplaced inMaiduguri,FGDparticipantsstatedwanting to return to theirvillagesoforiginwhen itwas safe.Someparticipants explained that if theywere told their villagesweresafe, and if they had some assistance such as transportation or food assistance to last untilthe next harvest season, theywould bewilling to go immediately.They reported that living intheircurrent locationwasdifficultcompared to theirvillagesoforigin,where theycan liveself-sufficientlyofftheirland.Intermsofactiveplansforreturn,GudumbaliWestandGuzamalaWestFGDparticipantsmentionedthattheyhaveplanstoreturnduringthenextrainyseasontofarm.KIs inMaiduguri reported knowledge of people from some villages (9) displaced inMaiduguriwheresomehouseholds(517)wereactivelyreturningtointhelastmonth.
Of19KIsreportingontheirownvillages,indisplacementsitesinMaiduguri,themajoritymentionedaccessinglivelihoods(73%)wasthemainreasontheywouldreturnbacktotheirvillageoforiginfollowedbywantingtoreturntotheirhomeland(10%).
NEEDS AND LIVING CONDITIONSNeeds and Living Conditions in Areas of OriginDependingon theward,FGDparticipants reported their villagesof originashavingadequatesecuritywhilereportingthatothervillageswerelesssecureduetoAOGattacks.Inhard-to-reachwardssuchasGudumbaliEastandWest,ModuriandAduwa,servicesarereportedlynon-existentorlimited,asmosthealthfacilitiesandschoolsarenon-functionalandmarketshavebeenclosedsince2014.PeoplereportedlytravelfarthroughGubioandGajiram,toMaidugurifortrading.Intheotherwardsalong theMaiduguri-Monguno road,healthservices,schoolsandmarketsareaccessible in some of themajor towns. In Kingarwa,Mairari,Wamiri andGuworamwards ofGuzamalaLGA,FGDparticipantsreportedthattheelderlyareoftentheonesstayingandtakingcareofthevillage,refusingtoleavetheirtraditionalhomes.SeeTable3formoredetails.
Needs and Living Conditions for Guzamala IDPs in Guzamala LGAFGDparticipantsdescribednothavingsecurityconcernsormovementrestrictionsintheirpresent
7
locations,howeversomeparticipantsmentionedconcernsover lackofsecuritypresence inAliGamboriandthat thereweresomeareasoutsideGasarwatheywouldavoiddueto insecurity.Shelters are mostly makeshift grass huts in Mairari,Ali Gambori and Bunari. Gasarwa is anexceptionwhereparticipantsestimatenearly30%ofthehouseholdshaveemergencytents,whilethereststillhasgrassshelters.
For those participants who have been displaced sinceAugust 2017 or before, they reportedreturningtotheirvillagesoforigininordertoplantandharvestthismostrecentharvestseason.After theharvestwascomplete, they returned to their current displacement sites.Householdsinothervillagesdisplacedwithin thethreemonthsprior todatacollectionalsoreportedhavingharvested.FGDparticipantsreportedthathouseholdshadeitherexhaustedtheirfoodreservestheybroughtwiththem,orhadonlytwotofourmonths’worthoffoodatbest.Theyreportthatpeoplesell firewood,grassandwater toget income tobuy food,often travellingback to theirvillagesoforiginorneartheminordertogetthoseresources.Thoseparticipantsdisplacingfromfarther away villages of originmentioned distance to those villages as a barrier to accessinglivelihoods.
DrinkingwaterisavailablefromboreholesinMairari,AliGamboriandGasarwa.InBunari,thereisreportedlyonlyanunprotectedwellinthevillage,unsuitablefordrinking.IDPstraveltoothernearbyvillagesinordertoaccessdrinkingwater.InAliGambori, therewerepreviouslycrowdsaroundlimitedwaterpointsbutrecentlyanewwaterpointwasadded,lesseninghardship.ThereisnolatrineaccessreportedatanysitesandIDPsreportedlypracticeopendefecation.HealthclinicsarefunctioningatGasarwa,AliGambori,andMairari.Howeverformorecomplicatedcases,peoplegotoGajiramorMonguno.
Needs and Living Conditions for Guzamala IDPs in MaiduguriMost FGDs were conducted with IDP residents in Bakassi Camp fromGuzamala LGA. FGDparticipants inMaiduguri reported facing no security threats or challenges in their current siteof displacement. In termsof food, participants described being dependent on foodassistanceprovidedbythegovernment.Somepeoplewereabletorelyonrelativesforsupport.Participantsreportedpeopleoftenreducingmealstocopewithinsufficientfood.Menconductingsmalltrade,dailylaborwork,andwomensellingcapswereallmentionedbyparticipantsaslivelihoodsourcesutilized to earn income inMaiduguri. Health services are available in Bakassi camp providedthroughActionAgainstHungerandUNICEF,whileparticipantsreport theirchildrencanaccessprimaryformalschoolandIslamicschoolinBakassi,oralternativelytheBoloriPrimarySchool.
Needs on Return to Village of OriginKIsandFGDparticipantswereasked for the topneeds theywouldhaveon returning to theirvillage.FGDparticipantsmostfrequentlyrespondedwithfood,shelter,capitaltostartupabusinessandwater.KIsagreedforthemostpart,statingthatwater(88%)andfood(80%)werethemostimportantneeds,followedbyshelter(38%),cashforlivelihoods(37%)andhealthcare(30%).
Figure 7: Needs on return for Guzamala IDPs, reported by KIs (n = 161)
KEY INFORMATION GAPSBasedontheprimaryandsecondarydataavailable,thefollowinginformationgapsexist:
Limited information on Gudumbali West, Gudumbali East, Aduwa and Moduri wardsThesewardsarecompletelyinaccessibletohumanitarianactors,anditwassubsequentlymoredifficulttofindmanyKIstointerviewforthisassessment.Assuch,fewervillageswerereportedforthesewardsthanformoreaccessibleareaslikeMairariandGasarwa.Itislikelymoreinformantswithknowledgeof theseareascouldbe found inGubioTown.Anotherpossibility is thatmorehouseholdsarenon-displacedinthesewards,henceitwashardertofindpeoplevisitingoutofthoseareastointerviewaskeyinformants.
Needs and Conditions in Guzamala East wardNoFGDswereconductedwithGuzamalaEastwardasatthetimesoffieldpreparation,itwasdifficulttofindparticipants.SomeinformationwasprovidedbyKIsonthestatusofvillagesinthisward,butmorein-depthinformationonneedsandlivingconditionswillneedtobethefocusoffutureassessments.
The extent of localized displacement in hard to reach wardsDuetoresourceandtimeconstraints,onlyalimitednumberofFGDswereconductedforeachwardandonlyafewvillagesweretalkedwithindepth.WhilesomeinsightfromtheseFGDsandKIs is gained on how households are displacingwithinGuzamala LGA, the extent of villageswithhouseholdsdisplacingtoothernearbyvillages,andthenumberofsuchvillagespeoplearedisplacingtoisunclearwithinhard-to-reachwardslikeGudumbaliWestandModuri.
9
32
48
59
61
128
141
Farming Equipment
Education
Healthcare
Cash
Shelter
Food
Water
8
Table 3: Needs and Living Conditions in Areas of Origin
Category FGDs and KIs in Maiduguri (covering Gudumbali East, Gudumbali West, Moduri, Guzamala West wards) FGDs and KIs in Gajiram, Gasarwa, Ali Gambori, Bunari, Monguno (covering Kingarwa, Mairari, Wamiri, Guworam, Aduwa wards)
Communication
FGDparticipantsinMaidugurireportedlygottheirinformationeitherfromnewarrivalscomingtoMaiduguri,frommendirectlyvisitingtheirvillagesthemselves,orfromtradersandfamilymemberswhocomevisittheminMaidugurifromtheirvillagesoforigin.TheyalsoreportgettingsomeinformationfrompeopletheyknowinGubioTown,whichisatransitionpointforsomepeopletravelingbetweenGudumbaliWestandModuriwardstoMaiduguri.FGDParticipantsfromModurimentiongettingtheirinformationfromGajiramTownonmarketdays,asthatisthemainmarketpeopleintheirvillagesoforigingotobuyandsellgoods.TheLGAchairmanandotherdisplacedtraditionalleadersinMaidugurireportedlyalsoshareinformationwiththemwhenitisavailable.SeeFigures3and4forsourcesofinformationfromKIs.
Menvisitingtheirvillagesoforiginonadailyorregularbasistogetwaterorcheckonhomesandelderlyrelatives,non-displacedpeoplecomingintotownformarkets,servicesorprayers,andFulani4herdsmenandhunterswereallsourcesofinformationontheirvillagesmentionedinFGDs.SomeFGDparticipantsreportednothavinganyinformationabouttheirvillagesinceleaving.SeeFigure3and4forsourcesofinformationfromKIs.
Protection
Beforetheyleft,FGDparticipantsreportedkillingsofcivilians,stealingofmoney,foodandlivestock,forcedrecruitmentofmenandchildren,andforcedmarriageasprotectionconcerns.Whilenoexplicitmovementrestrictionswereenforced,peopleintheirvillagesoforiginwouldtendnottotravelmorethanafewkilometresawayfromtheirvillage.Presently,someparticipantsreportedthatthesecuritysituationhasimprovedduetomilitarypresenceintheirvillagesandthatAOGshavenotvisitedthemforalongwhile.WomenreportedbeingabletomovemorefreelyintheirvillageswithoutthepresenceofAOGs.
SomeFGDparticipantsreportedhavingexperiencedharassmentbyAOGssinceAugust2017,whileothersreporteditstartingforthemonlyinthelastthreeorfourmonths(priortodatacollection).Reportedprotectionconcernsincludedkillingsofcivilians,forcedrecruitmentofmen,physicalviolence,kidnappingandransomingofchildren,destructionofproperty,stealingofmoney,foodandlivestock,forcedmarriageandsexualassault.Thoseparticipantsfromvillageswithnon-displacedhouseholdsreportedthattherewerestillsomesecurityconcernsfornon-displacedhouseholdsbeingvisitedbyAOGs.Mostotherparticipants fromKingarwa,MairariandWamiriwards reported that therearenopeople in theirvillagesatpresent.
ShelterShelters invillagesoforiginwerereportedlyamixofgrassandmudhouses,withproportionsvaryingdependingonthevillage.Ahandfulofhousesweremadeofbrickwithzincroofs.Thelargervillagesweremorelikelytoreporthavingamajorityofmudhousesandmorebrickhouses.Inmostvillages,participantsestimatedthathalftoallofthesheltershadbeendamagedordestroyed,eitherburneddownbyAOGsordamagedduetotherain/weather.
Sheltersinvillagesoforiginwerereportedlyamixofgrassandmudhouses,withproportionsvaryingdependingonthevillage.Ahandfulofhousesweremadeofbrickwithzincroofs.Invillageswithnon-displacedpersons,itwasreportedtheyhelpedupkeepandrepairsomeofthehomes.Insomevillages,participantsestimatedthathalftoallofthesheltershadbeendamagedordestroyed,eitherburneddownbyAOGsordamagedduetotherain/weather.Somevillagesreportedlyhadnodamagetoshelters.
Food Security
Farmingandlivestockrearingarereportedlythemainsourcesoffoodinvillagesoforiginreliedonbynon-displacedpeoples.Asmallerproportionofhouseholdswouldbuyfoodfromthemarkets.SomeparticipantsreporttradersandrelativescomingtoMaiduguritobuyandsellfoodbeforereturningtovillagesoforigin.Millet,groundnut,beans,okra,maize,andvegetableswerereportedlyplantedlastseason.Whilesomeparticipantsreportedpoorharvestsduetoshortrainfall,theyestimatedthatwhatwasharvestedshouldlastpeopleintheirvillagesoforiginfromtwotofivemonths.ParticipantsfromModuriwardreportedapestinfestationhaddestroyedmanycrops.Lackoffarmingequipment,seedlingsandfertilizerwerementionedaskeychallengestoaccessingfoodbyparticipantsfromGudumbaliWest,andGuzamalaWest.ParticipantsfromGudumbaliEastmentionedbeingunabletoaccesslandintheLakeChadareaduetoinsecurity,andlackofanearbymarkettobuyfoodataskeychallengesinaccessingfood.
Similarly,theseFGDparticipantsreportedmostoftheirfoodcomingfromfarmingandlivestock,priortodisplacement.Millet,beans,groundnut,okra,sorghum,maizewerereportedlyplantedduringthelastseason.ParticipantsfromGuworam,MairariandKingarwawardsallreportedapoorharvestduetoaninfestationofbirdsattackingtheircrops.TheyalsoreportedthatmostofwhattheycouldharvestwastakenbyAOGs.Somenon-displacedpeoplereportedlysoldfirewoodinmarketstobuyfood,orvisitedanearbytowntogetfoodfromrelatives.Sincemanynon-displacedpeoplesarereportedlyelderly,theyareunabletoharvestfoodsthemselves.
Livelihoods
Beforethecrisispeoplewouldreportedlyfarm,raiselivestockandtradeforincome.Non-displacedpersonsreportedlystillhavesomeoftheirlivestock,thoughalotofithaspreviouslybeenstolenbyAOGs.ThosefromGudumbalialsoadditionallyreportedremittancesandsalariesasincomesources.Poorharvests,lackofaccesstofarmingtools,capitalforbusiness,andaccesstomarketswerereportedbyFGDparticipantsasbarriers toaccessing income.People reported traveling toGubio,Gajiram,GajigannaandMaidugurimarkets tosell foodandbuy items.Transportationcoststoreachthesemarketswerereportedasanotherkeybarrier.Gudumbali,GarandaandAduwatownwerementionedbysomeparticipantsaspreferredmarketsbuttheyhavenotfunctionedsince2014wheneveryoneleft.
Main sourcesof incomebefore the crisiswere reportedly farmingand livestock raising,withother sourcesmentioned including the sellingoffirewoodandgrass,productionofgroundnutoil,andtrading.Forthosevillageswithnon-displacedpeoplesremaining,participantsreportedthattheyeitherrelyonrelativeswhohavedisplacedtosafertowns,ortheycomeandsellfirewoodandgrassinthesetowns.NearlyallparticipantsreportednolongerhavinglivestockduetotheftbyAOGs,orhavingsoldtheirlivestockforincome.Lackofpatronageforfirewoodwasmentionedasabarriertoincome.Gajiram,MongunoandMariariwerementionedasmarketspeoplearecurrentlyusing.MarketsinotherlocationslikeGasarwaandAliGamborireportedlyhavefoodavailable,butnotnecessarilynon-fooditems.ParticipantsfromAduwawardreportedthatnon-displacedpersonsdonothaveaccesstofarmlandsorfirewoodduetoinsecurity.
WASH
ParticipantsfromGuzamalaWest,GudumbaliEast,andGudumbaliWestdescribedthatnon-displacedpersonsintheirvillagesoforiginhavelimited,unprotectedwellsastheirprimarywatersources,whichnotonlysupportedthosehouseholdsbutalsothoseofothersurroundingvillagesdisplacedintotheirvillage.Evenbeforethecrisis,thereportedlylongqueuesandthedistancewerebarrierstoaccessingwater.Afewparticipantsreportedhavingboreholesintheirvillages,however,mostofthemarenot-functional.Therewerereportedlynolatrinesusedinmostvillagesoforigins,withtheexceptionofafewlatrinesinvillagesreportedinGudumbaliEastandModuri.
FGDparticipantsinKingarwa,Mairari,GuworamandWamiriwardsdescribedtheirvillagesoforiginasrelyingonunprotectedwellsastheirmainsourceofwater,whichwasreportedlymilkycolouredandbittertasting.Somewellsreportedlydriedupduringperiodsoflowrainfall.Theystatedthatsomevillageshadboreholesinthemorinadjacentvillagesthoughwhethertheywerefunctioningdependedonthevillage.Distancetofetchingwaterandinsecuritywerementionedaschallengesinaccessingwater.Participantsalsodescribedlittleornolatrineaccessinmostoftheirvillagesoforigin.
Health
MostFGDparticipantsreportedtheirvillagesoforiginwerevisitedbymobilepolioteams,butotherwisethereisverylimitedaccesstohealthcareservicesinvillagesoforigin.OneexceptionmentionedwasbyGuzamalaWestparticipantswhomentionedaccessingservicesatadispensaryinGuzamalaAbarithatisfunctioning.ParticipantsinModurireportedtravelingtoGajiramorGubiowhenneedinghealthcareservices.Distance,transportationandservicecosts,qualityofserviceandlackofhealthcareworkerswerereportedaskeybarrierstoaccessinghealthcareservices.ParticipantsfromModuriandGudumbaliWestdescribed“swollennecks”afflictingmanyofthewomenandchildreninthevillage,potentiallyasignofsevereiodinedeficienciesinthecommunity.
ParticipantsreportedthathealthclinicsatAliGambori,GasarwaandMairariwerefunctioning.FormoreseriousissuespeoplereportedlygotoMongunoandGajiramhospitalsinstead.Theyalsoreportedthatmostvillageswerebeingvisitedbymobilepolioteamspriortotheirdisplacement.Distancetohealthfacilities,costoftransportation,lackoftransportationinemergencies,perceivedlackofattentionbyhealthcareprovidersandlackofproperdrugsatthehospitalwerementionedaschallengesinaccessinghealthcarebyparticipants.Someparticipantsmentionedcasesofmeaslesintheirvillagesoforiginseveralmonthsago,butnocurrentoutbreaksareoccurring.
EducationPriortotheconflict,primaryandjuniorsecondaryschoolswerereportedlyavailableinGudumbalitownandModuriWard,howeverchildrenwouldhavetotraveltoMongunoforseniorsecondaryschool.PrimaryschoolwasalsoavailableinGudumbaliWestandGuzamalaWest,accordingtoparticipants.Theystatedthatmostchildrenhadaccesstonon-formaleducation(Islamicschool).Schoolsarereportedlynotfunctionalnowsochildreninvillagesoforiginhavenoaccesstoformaleducation.
ParticipantsreportedthatprimaryschoolsinMairari,GasarwaandBunariwerefunctional.Incontrast,primaryschoolsinKingarwaGana,Kijimatari,AduwatownandLingirwerenotfunctional.Theystatedthatmostchildrenhadaccesstoinformaleducation(Islamicschool).Barrierstoaccessingeducationmentionedincludedparentsnotwantingtoenroltheirstudentsbecausetheywantedtheirchildrentohelpathome,theperceptionbeingthatformaleducationisnotusefulandthatthedistanceistoofar.
Need in Areas of Origin
Foodandwaterassistancewere themost frequentlymentionedneeds for those in villagesoforigin,with cash forbusiness,andaccess tohealthcareasotherneedsmentionedbyparticipants.ThosefromGudumbaliWestadditionallymentionedneedsforaccesstomarketsandroadaccessasneeds.
Food,waterandaccesstohealthserviceswerethemostfrequentlymentionedneedsforthoseremaininginvillagesoforigin.
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About REACH REACHfacilitatesthedevelopmentofinformationtoolsandproductsthatenhancethecapacityofaidactorstomakeevidence-baseddecisionsinemergency,recoveryanddevelopmentcontexts.AllREACHactivitiesareconductedthroughinter-agencyaidcoordinationmechanisms.Formoreinformation,writetoourglobaloffice:geneva@reach-initiative.org.Visitwww.reach-initiative.organdfollowus@REACH_info.
Distinctions between Wamiri, Guworam, Kingarwa and Mairari wards
KIsreportingonvillagesinthesewards,eveniforiginatingfromthatvillage,wereoftenunclearonwhichwardstheirvillageofficiallyfellunder,resultingofteninmisclassification.Cautionshouldbetakenininterpretingnumbersreportedinthisoverviewastheremaybesomeoverlapbetweenthesewards.
Number of displaced, non-displaced and returnee households in unreported areas
Themethodofthisstudyisnotexhaustive,butaimstocaptureasmuchinformationaspossiblegiven thedynamicandchangingnatureof thecontext.Numbersofhouseholds reportedhereshouldbetakenwithcautionasnotallvillagesweresystematicallyincludedinthereporting,andnumbersofhouseholdsareonlyestimatesbyKIsandhavenotbeenverified.Needs, conditions and movement intentions of households in unreported areasDuetothenatureofthemethodology,informationwascapturedonlyonareasforwhichwewereable to find sufficient key informants. For villages or areas ofGuzamala LGAwhichwere notcapturedbyKIs,thereisstillasignificantinformationgapremaining.
Interviewing Displaced vs. Non-displaced populationsAswecannotaccessmostofGuzamalaLGAdirectly, thenearlyallKIsandFGDparticipantswerepeoplewhohavebeendisplacedfromtheircommunities.Whethertherearekeydifferencesbetween those currently displacedand thenon-displaced that areaffecting their displacementstatus isunclear. If therearekeydifferences, it isalsounclear inwhatways itcouldbias theirresponses.
ENDNOTES1.Pendulardisplacementreferstotheregularbackandforthmovementsofpeoplebetweentheirplaceoforiginandtheirsiteofdisplacement.
2.IOMDisplacementTrackingMatrixRoundXXI.February2018.
3.NigeriaHumanitarianResponsePlan2018.
4.FulanipeoplearealargeethnicgroupinNigeria.
