Download - Gruner PS17
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The Relationship of Wealth, Health, and Happiness: Global
Perspectives on Well-Being
Daniel T. Gruner Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, PhD
Quality of Life Research Center Claremont Graduate University
ECPP 2014
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w It does, but only up to a point (Diener, 2000; Easterlin 2003; Myers, 2000)
w Hedonic Adaptation (Diener, 2000; Diener, Lucas, & Scollon, 2006)
w Relative Utility
(Diener & Lucas, 2000; Hagerty & Veenhoven, 2003)
w Easterlin Paradox Debate
(Easterlin, 1974; Hagerty & Veenhoven, 2003)
Does Money Make us Happy?
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Does Happiness Impact our Health? w Happier people are less vulnerable to disease (Myers, 2000; Weisse, 1992)
w Happiness associated with healthy immune systems (Weisse, 1992)
w Positive affect associated with decreased pain and
higher life expectancy (Diener & Chan, 2011; Pressman & Cohen, 2005)
w Emotion-health connection corroborated across the globe (Pressman, Gallagher, & Lopez, 2013)
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Data Sources World Values Survey (Wave 4, collected in 1999-2004) - Nationally representative samples of 87 countries around the world - Simple random sampling based on geographical location - Representation of urban and rural areas - Publically available interview data
Gallup World Poll (Collected in 2005-2007) - Nationally representative samples of 95% of countries around the world - Random digit dial, area frame, cluster sampling, face-to-face - Based on geographic location - Representation of urban and rural areas - Publically available data
World Bank (Estimates in 2000) - Per Capita Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Nominal GDP
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Measures
Happiness
- World Values Survey - 1 Question -- “Taking all things together, would you say you are:”
(1) Very happy (2) Quite happy (3) Not very happy (4) Not at all happy
- Happiness Index (0-200): - (Very Happy + Quite Happy) – (Not Very Happy + Not at all Happy) + 100 - Range = 91.1 – 192.8, M = 160.04, SD = 26.79 - 72 countries, approximately 1000 individuals sampled from each
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Health
- Gallup World Poll - Health Index (0-100) - Range = 56 – 84, M = 73.74, SD = 6.31 - 72 countries, approximately 1000 individuals sampled from each
(1) Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your personal health?
(2) Do you have any health problems that prevent you from doing any of the things people your age normally can do?
(3) Did you feel well rested yesterday?
(4) Did you experience the following feelings during a lot of the day yesterday? Physical pain.
(5) Did you experience the following feelings during a lot of the day yesterday? Sadness.
(6) Did you experience the following feelings during a lot of the day yesterday? Worry.
Measures (Cont’d.)
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Norway Switzerland
Denmark U.S
Japan
Netherlands Ireland
Germany
New Zealand
Italy
Israel
Puerto Rico
Russia
Hungary
Mexico
Romania Bulgaria
Indonesia
El Salvador
Philippines
Moldova
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ha
pp
ine
ss
GDP
Wealth and Happiness
Note: Sources: World Values Survey Wave 4 (1999-2004); World Bank (2000). Wealth measured in Nominal Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sample contains 71 countries (N = 71).
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Norway
Switzerland Denmark
U.S
Japan Netherlands
Ireland
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Taiwan
Russia
Venezuela
Hungary
Mexico Colombia
Belarus
Ukraine
El Salvador
Moldova
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
He
alth
GDP
Wealth and Health
Note: Sources: Gallup World Poll (2005-2007); World Bank (2000). Wealth measured in Nominal Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sample contains 72 countries (N = 72).
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Switzerland Denmark
United States
Japan Netherlands
Ireland
Slovenia
Hungary
Bulgaria
Belarus
Macedonia
Ukraine
Georgia
Moldova
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210
He
alth
Happiness
Happiness and Health
Note: Sources: World Values Survey waves 1-4 (1981-2004); Gallup World Poll (2005-2007). Sample contains 71 countries (N = 71).
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Does happiness mediate the rela8onship between wealth and health?
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Mediation Analysis
(1) Hierarchical Regression (Baron & Kenny, 1986)
(2) PROCESS (Hayes, 2012) � Based on 10,000 bootstrapped samples
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GDP (PPP)
Happiness
Health
.498*** .753***
(.816***)
.126
(.501***)
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Happiness, Health
*p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 Figure 1. Standardized Effects of Log Transformed Purchasing Power Parity Per Capita Gross Domes8c Product (PPP GDP) and Happiness on Health, with Total Effects Shown in Parentheses (N = 71).
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GDP (PPP)
Health
Happiness
.501*** .756***
(.816***)
.119
(.498***)
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Happiness, Health
*p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 Figure 2. Standardized Effects of Log Transformed Purchasing Power Parity Per Capita Gross Domes8c Product (PPP GDP) and Health on Happiness, with Total Effects Shown in Parentheses (N = 71).
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Conclusion
Well-being is a psychological function of the experience of happiness, which GDP and wealth alone cannot satisfy.
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Implications
¤ New national indicators of success and flourishing
¤ Once basic needs are met, focus on increasing happiness
¤ Provide opportunities for engagement and flow
¤ Increase hope and optimism
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Limitations and Future Directions
¤ Cross Sectional vs. Time Series
¤ Health items might overlap with happiness index
¤ Extend data collection to additional countries
¤ Individual-level data
¤ Health index as a proxy for objective health
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Thank You
Daniel T. Gruner PhD Student, Posi8ve Developmental Psychology Claremont Graduate University Quality of Life Research Center Email: [email protected]
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Selected References Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-‐mediator dis8nc8on in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and sta8s8cal considera8ons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-‐1182. Diener, E. (2000). Subjec8ve well-‐being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a na8onal index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-‐43. doi:10.1037/0003-‐066X.55.1.34
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adapta8on theory of well-‐being. American Psychologist, 61(4), 305-‐314. doi:10.1037/0003-‐066X.61.4.305
Hagerty, M. R., & Veenhoven, R. (2003). Wealth and Happiness Revisited-‐-‐Growing Na8onal Income Does Go with Greater Happiness. Social Indicators Research, 64(1), 1-‐27. doi:10.1023/A:1024790530822
Hayes, A. (2012). PROCESS: A VersaCle ComputaConal Tool for Observed Variable MediaCon, ModeraCon, and CondiConal Process Modeling. Unpublished Manuscript. Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55(1), 56-‐67. doi:10.1037/0003-‐066X.55.1.56
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does Posi8ve Affect Influence Health?. Psychological BulleCn, 131(6), 925-‐971. doi:10.1037/0033-‐2909.131.6.925 Pressman, S. D., Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2013). Is the emo8on-‐health connec8on a 'first-‐world problem'?. Psychological Science, 24(4), 544-‐549. Weisse, C. S. (1992). Depression and immunocompetence: A review of the literature. Psychological BulleCn, 111(3), 475-‐489. doi:10.1037/0033-‐2909.111.3.475