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Greening the BlacktopGreening the Blacktop
ASPHALTASPHALT:: thethe environmentally sustainable pavementenvironmentally sustainable pavement
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ASPHALTASPHALT:: thethe environmentally sustainable pavementenvironmentally sustainable pavement
Background informationStormwater management / porous pavementUHI and reflective asphalt pavementsUSGBC LEEDRecycled materials / RAPEnv. Impacts and Carbon FootprintsWarm Mix Asphalt
environmental sustainabilityenvironmental sustainability
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environmental sustainabilityenvironmental sustainability
. . . what is it ?. . . what is it ?
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www.pavegreen.comwww.pavegreen.com
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www.pavegreen.comwww.pavegreen.com
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urban development urban development
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urban development urban development
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stormwater management stormwater management
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stormwaterstormwater management management
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Porous Pavement with Recharge BedPorous Pavement with Recharge Bed
River Jacks OpenInto Recharge Bed
Pervious Asphalt
Stone Bedw/ 40% Void Space
For Storage/Recharge
stormwaterstormwater management management
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stormwaterstormwater management management
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Standard Pavement Porous Pavement
Univ. NC: addUniv. NC: add’’l parking lot constructed ca. 2002l parking lot constructed ca. 2002
stormwater management stormwater management
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Comparison of Detention vs. Infiltration SystemComparison of Detention vs. Infiltration System
stormwaterstormwater management management
decreased stormwater discharge with porous pvmt
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porous streets !!porous streets !!
Taxes on impervious residential surfaces –
Iowa . . . and more states to come
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porous streets !!porous streets !!
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Benefits of Porous PavementBenefits of Porous PavementEconomicEconomic– Reduces/Eliminates the land space consumed by
conventional detention facilities– Helps prevent excessive flooding and minimizes need
for control measuresAestheticAesthetic– Eliminates the need for unsightly detention basins– Preserves areas such as woods/open space
EnvironmentalEnvironmental– Limits peak stormwater discharge and improves water
quality of any runoff– Reduces amount of impervious surfaces
stormwaterstormwater management management
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DenseDense--graded asphalt pavements were historically graded asphalt pavements were historically the standard for roadwaysthe standard for roadways– Provides structure, strength, and smoothness– Smoothness can cause water overspray
OpenOpen--graded Friction Courses (OGFC) developed graded Friction Courses (OGFC) developed to minimize oversprayto minimize overspray– Developed in the late 1940s (airports)– Pavement contains greater air voids– Thin OGFC pavement above dense-graded mat
OGFC Highly successful in minimizing accidentsOGFC Highly successful in minimizing accidents– Calif-DOT identified a 50% decrease in deaths and 20%
decrease in accidents after Hwy re-paved using OGFC– Other state statistics similar
safer pavements safer pavements
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Spray Reduction: OGFC on FreewaySpray Reduction: OGFC on Freeway
safer pavements safer pavements
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Vehicles on highways generate a significant amount of noiseNoise from the tire/pavement interface accounts for over 75% of the vehicle noiseSound-walls are expensive and are only somewhat effective if placed in the line-of-sight– They reduce noise minimally and only over certain
distances from the roadway– Sound-walls can increase UHI effects because they
decrease air movement across pavement surfaceTraffic Noise can be significantly reduced using Open-Graded Friction Courses (OGFC)
quieter pavements quieter pavements
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Noise Reduction: ARNoise Reduction: AR--OGFC on HighwayOGFC on Highway
quieter pavements quieter pavements
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Urban Heat IslandsUrban Heat Islands
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Urban Heat IslandsUrban Heat Islands
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pavement type & temperaturespavement type & temperatures
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myth or reality ?myth or reality ?
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reflectivity & temperaturesreflectivity & temperatures
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reflectivity & temperaturesreflectivity & temperatures
huh ??
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why is this important ?why is this important ?
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cooler pavementscooler pavements
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cooler pavementscooler pavements
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Interstate w/ PCC Highway w/ PCC
mountain range
cooler pavementscooler pavements
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Below grade w/ sound walls
¾ inch asphalt-based OGFC over dense pvmt
Above grade w/ landscape
Below grade w/ sound walls
Airport: 23-inch thick pvmt
Interstate w/ PCC Highway w/ PCC
mountain range
cooler pavementscooler pavements
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? cooler reflective pavements ?? cooler reflective pavements ?
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It’s NOT a black and white
whiteissue
? cooler reflective pavements ?? cooler reflective pavements ?
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a heat a heat ““bubblebubble”” ????
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not quite . . .not quite . . .
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not quite . . .not quite . . .
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What happens after solar radiation strikes a pvmt surface– Dark pavements absorb / re-radiate as heat (night)– Light pavements reflect as UV radiation (day)
Heats up near-surface air / Heats up buildingsProvides catalyst for increasing ground-level ozoneIncreases potential personal UV radiation exposure
Pavement thickness and material capacities– Thicker pavements retain more heat (Phoenix)– (near) surface temperature vs air temperature
Pvmt design has “net zero” balance on UHI temperaturesConcrete pvmt is NOT necessarily cooler than asphaltPorous (OGFC) asphalt pavements are COOLerUHI does NOT cause Global Warming . . . Sci. Am.specialized binders are expensive but . . .
think about it . . .think about it . . .
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reflective pavementsreflective pavements
Surface Chip Seals and Coatings:Surface Chip Seals and Coatings: using reflective / lightusing reflective / light--colored chip / paintscolored chip / paints
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reflective pavementsreflective pavements
““GrittingGritting””:: reflective chipsreflective chips and aggregateand aggregate
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reflective pavementsreflective pavements
ShotShot--Blasting:Blasting: abrading surface binderabrading surface binder
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reflective pavementsreflective pavements
Synthetic and Colored Binders:Synthetic and Colored Binders: using reflective aggregatesusing reflective aggregates
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reflective pavementsreflective pavements
Synthetic / Colored Binders:Synthetic / Colored Binders: using reflective / colored aggregatesusing reflective / colored aggregates
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specialized binders are expensive but . . .
sq. ft. cost basissq. ft. cost basis
20,000 sq. ft. parking lotConventional HMA @ ~ $1.35 sq ft.– $400/ton binder, 3” thick, $75/ton HMA, ~ 400 tons HMA total
PCConcrete pvmt @ ~ $5.75 sq ft.– standard depth of ~ 6-8”w/ wire mesh etc; range $4 - $8
Colored HMA pvmt @ ~ $2.50 sq ft.– $2,000/ton binder, 3”, = ~ $140/ton HMA; material costs / placed– more labor involved re cleaning plant equip etc
Densiphalt (cement grout over OGFC) @ ~ $4 sq ft– includes placement of 2” OGFC only + std labor;– range $3.50 - $5; process needs an existing (HMA) pvmt base
Other technologies . . .
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specialized binders are expensive but . . .
sq. ft. cost basissq. ft. cost basis
$2,000 / ton binder only doubles the sq. ft priceTriple current HMA price is still competitiveDensiphalt is current “alternative” to PCC for LEED credit – customers are purchasingSmall volumes, specialized market, but GROWINGOther technologies are much less $$HOW and WHY does this fit into LEED ???
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Using Asphalt Pavement to Reduce UHIUsing Asphalt Pavement to Reduce UHIAlbedo doesn’t appear to be the entire storyThe role of thickness, density, and porosity are being evaluated to understand pavement’s heat sink capacityOther “BMPs” have been identified to help mitigate pavement surface temperature (trees, topography)OGFC / porous pavements have been shown to be highly effective in reducing pavement surface tempsReflective HMA pavements can be produced $$But . . . IMHO . . .Pavement design has “net zero” balance on UHI tempsUSGBC needs to understand this . . .
cooler pavementscooler pavements
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specialized binders are expensive but . . .
cooler pavementscooler pavements
HOW and WHY does this fit into LEED ???
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LEEDLEED
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LEED processLEED process
Developed by USGBCNational benchmark for design, construction, and operation of “green” buildings5 key areas:– Sustainable site development– Water savings– Energy efficiency– Materials selection– Indoor environmental quality
Earning LEED certification– Must meet certain criteria credits / certification process– Levels based on total credits
How asphalt pavements contribute to LEED credits
LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental DesignLEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
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Category Possible PointsSustainable Sites: 16Water Efficiency: 5Materials & Resources: 13Energy & Atmosphere: 17Indoor Environ. Quality: 14Innovation & Design: 5
LEED process LEED process
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LEED credit for asphalt LEED credit for asphalt
5 credits
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Reuse up to 10%Recycled up to 20%
LEED credit for asphalt LEED credit for asphalt
8 credits
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Category Possible PointsSustainable Sites: 16Water Efficiency: 5Materials & Resources: 13Energy & Atmosphere: 17Indoor Environ. Quality: 14Innovation & Design: 5
LEED process LEED process
5+8__
from asphalt
Reuse up to 10%
Recycled up to 20%
13
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LEED: sustainable pavementLEED: sustainable pavement
Recycled (re-used) and recyclableInnovation credit every 5% more than 10% / 20% reused / recycled – petition USGBC LEED
Local materialsStormwater managementUHI: need to work through the “process”
Comfort issue under limited circumstancesOverall environmental impact might be less, e.g., UV radiationPorous pvmts / OGFC might mitigate – petition
By Show of Hands . . . Lost jobs to reflectivity?
Asphalt pavement is positioned nicelyAsphalt pavement is positioned nicely
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UHI: think about it . . .UHI: think about it . . .
huh ??
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UHI: think about it . . .UHI: think about it . . .
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recycled pavement recycled pavement
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Common Recycled Materials in Common Recycled Materials in Asphalt PavementsAsphalt Pavements
ShinglesCrumb / Tire RubberGlassSlagFoundry sandAll are in different stages of utilization / evaluation
recycled pavement recycled pavement
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asphalt shinglesasphalt shingles
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scrap tiresscrap tires
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milling asphalt pavementmilling asphalt pavement
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reclaimed asphalt pavement reclaimed asphalt pavement ““RAPRAP””
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sizing RAPsizing RAP
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sizing RAPsizing RAP
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processing RAPprocessing RAP
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Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement ““RAPRAP””Removed and/or reprocessed pavement materials containing asphalt and aggregatesOver 80 percent of the asphalt pavement, removed each year for widening and resurfacing, is re-usedRepresents close to 100 million tons / yearRAP is the Nation’s No. 1 recycled material in both total amount and percentage recycled
recycled pavement recycled pavement
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recycled pavement recycled pavement
FHWA / USEPA Report to Congress, EPA/600/R-93/095.
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RAP: sustainable & carbon neutralRAP: sustainable & carbon neutral
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LEED: green metricsLEED: green metrics
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other green metric programsother green metric programs
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other green metric programsother green metric programs
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BEES: econ. & BEES: econ. & envenv. impacts. impacts
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BEESBEES
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BEESBEES
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BEESBEES
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proof of global warmingproof of global warming
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BEESBEES
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carbon footprint: US sourcescarbon footprint: US sources
Production of HMA pavement requires ~ 20% less ENERGY than vs construction of PCC pavement– but difficult to quantify
UHI may be “real” but is only local; NOT a contributor to Global Warming – Scientific AmericanAvg. automobile emits ~ 6 tons CO2 annuallyAvg. HMA plant emits ~ 2,500 tons CO2 = ~ 0.0023 TgCement industry emits ~ 45 Tg CO2HMA pavement unit @ ~ 30% vs. PCConcrete (BEES)Very few existing published info. but general supportSo, where is HMA industry vs. all GHG emissions . . .
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carbon footprint: US sourcescarbon footprint: US sources
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carbon footprint: US sourcescarbon footprint: US sources
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carbon footprint: US sourcescarbon footprint: US sources
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RAP: sustainable & carbon neutralRAP: sustainable & carbon neutral
The entire annual CO2 / greenhouse gas emissions / carbon footprint from a typical hot-mix plant (~ 2,500 tons) could be totally offset by using 20 - 25% RAP in pavement mix designs -- accomplished by minimizing acquisition of energy intensive (natural) raw materials such as aggregate and petroleum asphalt.
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continually changing technology . .continually changing technology . .
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to drive efficiency = $$ / to drive efficiency = $$ / envenv comp comp
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Warm Mix Asphalt (Warm Mix Asphalt (““WMAWMA””))
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warm mix asphaltwarm mix asphalt
Many different technologiesAdditives such as waxes and zeolitesEmulsions and water foaming processesCosts differ; some higher, some lower
End-result: to lower mix temperatures from 300 oF ~ 250 oF (or lower)
Less energy demand / fuel consumptionLess emissions: plant and field
Quantifying energy and emissions~ 15% less fuel consumption~ 20% less CO2 emissionsLower NOx, particulate, other emissions
States, Producers, Contractors, FHWA all interestedTRB funding @ ~ $2MM; performance/ emissions
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ASPHALTASPHALT:: thethe environmentally sustainable pavementenvironmentally sustainable pavement
Porous pavements manage stormwaterOGFCs are safe and quietReflective / OGFC / Porous can mitigate UHI
Remember: UHI doesn’t cause Global WarmingGreat pavement to help with LEED certification
Additional credits are possible Asphalt pvmts accept recycled goods / are recycled (RAP)HMA pavements are environmentally preferred
Less energy to construct, low carbon footprint, speed of construction, no emissions like dioxins
Warm Mix lowers energy consumption & emissionsRAP can offset the entire annual HMA GHG emissions
greening the blacktopgreening the blacktop
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““it it ainain’’tt easy being green!easy being green!””
Questions ??
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““it it ainain’’tt easy being green!easy being green!””
Questions ??Getting “credit” for energy / GHG reductions: LEED / cap-and-trade
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www.pavegreen.comwww.pavegreen.com