“The association of biodiversity and urban ecosystems has usually concerned the impact of urbanization on biodiversity. However, biodiversity concepts can easily be applied to the urban ecosystem itself. As more and more people live in cities, restoration, preservation and enhancement of biodiversity in urban areas become important.”
(Savard et al 2000)
GREEN WALLS OF PARIS:AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS
Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural HistoryDepartment of Ecology and Biodiversity Management
Patrick BlancBotanist and Green Wall Designer
GREEN WALLS OF PARIS:BACKGROUND
GREEN WALLS OF PARISCOMPARISON: MUR EMLEMATIQUE ET MUR VIGNE
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMATERIALS AND METHODS
18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts
47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes
5 Rue des Barres
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy
11 Rue du Fauconnier
17 Rue d’Ankara
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin
21 Rue d’Alsace
37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly
36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme
49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel
Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense
100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club
261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts
47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes
5 Rue des Barres
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy
11 Rue du Fauconnier
17 Rue d’Ankara
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin
21 Rue d’Alsace
37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly
36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme
49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel
Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense
100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club
261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
- conducted during the breeding season (begins in April and ends in July)
- point count method (standing 40 to 50 feet from the wall surface)
- 20 minute timed bird counts
- between 7:30am and10am
- on mornings with no precipitation
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMATERIALS AND METHODS
METHODS
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
BREEDING BIRDS OF PARISPUBLICATION BY FREDERIC MALHER
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 21 Rue d’Alsace
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
80ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
10 0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
21 Rue d'Alsace
Emblematique
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
21 Rue d'Alsace
Emblematique
210ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
210ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 21 Rue d’Alsace
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
80ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
10 0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
21 Rue d'Alsace
Emblematique
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
21 Rue d'Alsace
Emblematique
210ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
210ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
80ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
37 Quai Branly
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
37 Quai Branly
Emblematique
145ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
145ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
80ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
37 Quai Branly
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
37 Quai Branly
Emblematique
145ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
145ft
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
40ft3.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
36 Rue de la Verrerie
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
36 Rue de la Verrerie
Emblematique
40ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
40ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
40ft3.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
36 Rue de la Verrerie
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
36 Rue de la Verrerie
Emblematique
40ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
40ft
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 49 Rue Pierre Charron, Pershing Hotel
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
50ft4.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
49 Rue Pierre Charron
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
49 Rue Pierre Charron
Emblematique
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
30ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 49 Rue Pierre Charron, Pershing Hotel
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
50ft4.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
49 Rue Pierre Charron
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
49 Rue Pierre Charron
Emblematique
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
30ft
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
50ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Porte du Parvis
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
Porte du Parvis
Emblematique
25ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
25ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
50ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Porte du Parvis
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
Porte du Parvis
Emblematique
25ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
25ft
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
20ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
100 Avenue du President Kennedy
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
100 Avenue du President Kennedy
Emblematique
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
20ft3ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
100 Avenue du President Kennedy
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
100 Avenue du President Kennedy
Emblematique
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
25ft6ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
261 Boulevard Raspail
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
261 Boulevard Raspail
Emblematique
25ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
20ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
EMBLEMATIQUE: 261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
25ft6ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
261 Boulevard Raspail
Emblematique
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
261 Boulevard Raspail
Emblematique
25ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
20ft
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE
18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts
47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes
5 Rue des Barres
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy
11 Rue du Fauconnier
17 Rue d’Ankara
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin
21 Rue d’Alsace
37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly
36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme
49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel
Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense
100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club
261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
60ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5 0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville
Vigne
140ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
140ft
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
60ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5 0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville
Vigne
140ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
140ft
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
50ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
47 Rue Cuvier
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
47 Rue Cuvier
Vigne
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
30ft
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
50ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
47 Rue Cuvier
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
47 Rue Cuvier
Vigne
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
30ft
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 5 Rue des Barres
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
70ft
20ft1.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
5 Rue des Barres
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
5 Rue des Barres
Vigne
35ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
35ft
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 5 Rue des Barres
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
70ft
20ft1.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
5 Rue des Barres
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
5 Rue des Barres
Vigne
35ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
35ft
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
50ft
25ft1.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt
Vigne
50ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
50ft
25ft1.5ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt
Vigne
50ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 11 Rue du Fauconnier
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
60ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
11 Rue du Fauconnier
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
11 Rue du Fauconnier
Vigne
20ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
20ft
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 11 Rue du Fauconnier
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
60ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
11 Rue du Fauconnier
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
11 Rue du Fauconnier
Vigne
20ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
20ft
Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 17 Rue d’Ankara
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
15ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
17 Rue d'Ankara
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
17 Rue d'Ankara
Vigne
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 17 Rue d’Ankara
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
30ft
15ft1ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
17 Rue d'Ankara
Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
17 Rue d'Ankara
Vigne
30ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia
GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
20ft
20ft4ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix
Vigne
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix
Vigne
20ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Coral Vine, Polygonaceae Family
SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide
GreenfinchCarduelis chloris
House SparrowPasser domesticus
Wood PigeonColumba palumbus
BlackbirdTurdus merula
Common PigeonColumba livia
VIGNE: 49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox
20ft
20ft4ft
SOLAR ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS
AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE
OBSERVED SPECIES
SITE CONTEXT
URBAN CONTEXT
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix
Vigne
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix
Vigne
20ft
SOURCE: Google Earth
SOURCE: Google Earth
Coral Vine, Polygonaceae Family
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
The Null Hypothesis Claim:
There are no differences between the two types of vegetal walls.
Birds use green emblematique walls the same way that they use vine walls.
Result of Null Hypothesis Testing:
The results were not statistically significant. Thus, I cannot claim there are no differences between wall types. (I cannot say that they are the same).
I found no statistical evidence that use of the walls by birds varies by wall type. However, looking at he data offers certain clues.
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARISON 1:Average Bird Counts (number of birds observed at each wall)
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Average Bird Count Emblematique
Average Bird Count Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0
Average Bird Count Emblematique
Average Bird Count Vigne
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARISON 2:Bird Population Density (number of birds observed per square foot of wall surface)
0 015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
Average Density Emblematique
Average Density Vigne
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0
Average Density Emblematique
Average Density Vigne
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARISON 3:Bird Population Diversity(number of bird species observed)
0 6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Average Diversity Emblematique
Average Diversity Vigne
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
Average Diversity Emblematique
Average Diversity Vigne
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARISON 4:Average Bird Counts, By Species(number of birds observed at each wall, by species)
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Average Bird Counts Emblematique
Average Bird Counts Vigne
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon
Wood Pigeon House Sparrow
Average Bird Counts Emblematique
Average Bird Counts Vigne
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARISON 5:Average Columba sp. (generalist species) Counts(number of Columba sp. observed at each wall)
25
30
20
25
30
Average Columba sp Count
10
15
20
25
30
Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Count Vigne
5
10
15
20
25
30
Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Count Vigne
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Count Vigne
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Count Vigne
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Count Vigne
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARISON 6:Average Columba sp. (generalist species) Density(number of Columba sp. observed per square foot of wall surface)
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
Average Columba sp Density
0 001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Density Vigne
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Density Vigne
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
1
Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Density Vigne
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
1
Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Density Vigne
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
1
Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique
Average Columba sp. Density Vigne
18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts
47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes
5 Rue des Barres
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy
11 Rue du Fauconnier
17 Rue d’Ankara
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin
21 Rue d’Alsace
37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly
36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme
49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel
Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense
100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club
261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARING AREA DEPENDENCY
Emblematique
Vigne
18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts
47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes
5 Rue des Barres
13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy
11 Rue du Fauconnier
17 Rue d’Ankara
49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin
21 Rue d’Alsace
37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly
36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme
49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel
Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense
100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club
261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation
COMPARISON 7:Columba sp. Counts and Area Dependency (similar trends observed when all species are included)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne)
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique
Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique)
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
COMPARISON 8:Density and Area Dependency
0 005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne)
‐0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne)
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
0.004
0.004
0.005
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
0 002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)
COMPARISON 9:Diversity and Area Dependency
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
2.0
2.5
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Diversity/Area
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)
0
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
3.0
3.5
4.0
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Diversity/Area
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique
Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)
GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS
GREEN WALLS OF PARISDISCUSSION
What could have contributed to variability in data?
The city is not a uniform place. Some wall sites were located near parks or water bodies, others on busy streets.One of the largest outliers, 49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, was located near both an urban park and the Canal St. Martin. Thus, these site factors could have constributed to larger counts.
What could have contributed to error?
Sampling:Extremely large walls were impossible to count evenly, thus area related comparisons may be skewed towards undercounting of birds
Wall Construction:In the case of both wall types, the architectural construction beneath the vegetation also played a role in hosting certain bird species (House Sparrows prefering cracks and crevices, and Pigeons prefering ledges and chimneys).
Social Behavior of Birds:Bird counts may have also been affected by bird behavior (House Sparrows tend to prefer living in large groups, while other species are more solitary).
GREEN WALLS OF PARISDISCUSSION
Other considerations
Financial and environmental costs of the two types of wall construction:
The walls designed by Patrick Blanc cost up to 600 Euros per square meter to construct. They require artificial irrigation and fertilizer.Additionally, they must be maintained at least twice a year (vegetation and irrigation sys-tems).
Vine walls cost less to install and maintain. They rely more so on natural precipitation and nutrients from ground soil. Maintenance consists of plant trimming.
For future studies:
To obtain statistically significant results, more observations and less variability of data are necessary.
It would also be interesting to observe a greater number of species in future studies (only five were included here during the breeding season). Including migratory species and other breeding birds would help to enrich the understanding of avian biodiversity in the urban envi-ronment.
Thanks and Acknowledgements to:
Frederic MalherJean-Luc Le GouallecKatherine ParsonsPhilippe ClergeauRichard Forman
GREEN WALLS OF PARIS