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GREECEGREECE
Understanding culture and artUnderstanding culture and art
YOUR GOALS YOUR GOALS ARE TOARE TOUnderstand the elements of Greek Understand the elements of Greek
theater.theater.
Recognize how Greek ideals permeated Recognize how Greek ideals permeated Greek cultureGreek culture
Explain the art of rhetoric and the value Explain the art of rhetoric and the value of persuasionof persuasion
Identify fallacies of reasoningIdentify fallacies of reasoning..
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Corinth
Corinth
Corinth
ANCIENT GREEK PERIODANCIENT GREEK PERIODTheban PlaysTheban Plays
Oedipus, OaC, AntigoneOedipus, OaC, Antigone
Greeks believed:Greeks believed:
MAN IS THE MAN IS THE MEASURE OF MEASURE OF ALL THINGSALL THINGS
Throughout history, all Throughout history, all great civilizations have great civilizations have tried to connect tried to connect themselves to the Greeks:themselves to the Greeks:
RomeRomeRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchEnglandEnglandFranceFrance
The White HouseThe White House
What is Philosophy?What is Philosophy?
Age-Old Age-Old Profound Profound QuestionsQuestions
What is Real and What is Not?What is Real and What is Not?
Why Are We Here?Why Are We Here?
How Did We Get Here?How Did We Get Here?
Where Are We Headed?Where Are We Headed?
..
Profound Profound QuestionsQuestions
Are often simpleAre often simple
YET…YET…
Are philosophically “deep.”Are philosophically “deep.”
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Their AnswersTheir AnswersAre sometimes simpleAre sometimes simple
YET…YET…
Often paradoxicalOften paradoxical
or even unknowable. or even unknowable.
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“ “ The The UNEXAMINED UNEXAMINED LIFELIFE is not worth is not worth
living. ” living. ”
SocratesSocrates before his death in 399 B.C. before his death in 399 B.C.
Aesthetics
Aesthetics
WHAT IS WHAT IS BEAUTYBEAUTY??
WHAT IS WHAT IS TRUTHTRUTH??
Epistemology
Epistemology
What is…What is…
WHAT IS WHAT IS GOODGOOD
THINKINGTHINKING??
Logic
Logic
WHAT IS WHAT IS REALITYREALITY??
Metaphysics
Metaphysics
WHAT IS WHAT IS RIGHTRIGHT??
Ethics
Ethics
WHAT WHAT FORM OF FORM OF GOVERNMENGOVERNMENTT IS BEST IS BEST??
Politics
Politics
POLITICS
POLITICS
The Greeks wished to The Greeks wished to maintainmaintain
idealideal proportionsproportions when when building any room or like building any room or like
structure from the ground up.structure from the ground up.
Today: The Today: The Parthenon in Athens Parthenon in Athens
(Int.)(Int.)
the the
Fibonacci SeriesFibonacci Series
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, . .
http://goldennumber.net/classic/fibonser.htm
GREEK GREEK DRAMADRAMA
DRAMA: a literary composition written DRAMA: a literary composition written to be performed by actors in which a to be performed by actors in which a central character called a tragic central character called a tragic protagonist or hero suffers some protagonist or hero suffers some serious misfortune which is not serious misfortune which is not accidental and therefore accidental and therefore meaningless, but is significant in that meaningless, but is significant in that the misfortune is logically connected the misfortune is logically connected with the hero's actions. with the hero's actions.
SOPHOCLESSOPHOCLES
496 BC to 406 BC496 BC to 406 BC• Son of wealthy Athenian merchantSon of wealthy Athenian merchant• Lived during golden age of AthensLived during golden age of Athens
• Center of democracyCenter of democracy• Important figure in societyImportant figure in society
• Becomes cultural spokespersonBecomes cultural spokesperson• Noted playwrightNoted playwright• Wrote primarily tragediesWrote primarily tragedies• Witnessed decline of AthensWitnessed decline of Athens
• Wrote Wrote Oedipus at ColunusOedipus at Colunus
496-406 B.C.
““Fortunate Fortunate Sophocles who Sophocles who after a long life after a long life died, a happy and died, a happy and a gifted man after a gifted man after writing many fine writing many fine tragedies he made tragedies he made a good end, having a good end, having endured no evil.endured no evil.””
Phrynichas,Greek Comic Poet
GREEK THEATERGREEK THEATER
Plays were held at amphitheater for Plays were held at amphitheater for the Feast of Dionysiusthe Feast of Dionysius Tregedy means “goat lamentaion”—Tregedy means “goat lamentaion”—
dionysis was a satyrdionysis was a satyr God of wine and ecstasyGod of wine and ecstasy
GREEK THEATERGREEK THEATER
Theater used a chorusTheater used a chorus Theater itself began as chorus—singersTheater itself began as chorus—singers
—and then one person stepped out and —and then one person stepped out and sang solosang soloprotagonist. (Remaining protagonist. (Remaining chorus was antagonistchorus was antagonist
Chorus reflects what the audience is Chorus reflects what the audience is thinkingthinking
““color commentary”color commentary” Provides background and spectacleProvides background and spectacle
GREEK THEATERGREEK THEATER
Characters wore a mask—called a Characters wore a mask—called a “persona”“persona”
Faces reflected a variety of Faces reflected a variety of characters and their emotionscharacters and their emotions
Masks contained “megaphone” to Masks contained “megaphone” to amplify their voicesamplify their voices
SkeneSkene
EkkyklemaEkkyklema
From Aristotle’s From Aristotle’s PoeticsPoetics
The Six Aspects of The Six Aspects of TragedyTragedy
1.1. PLOTPLOT
2.2. CHARACTERCHARACTER
3.3. SPECTACLESPECTACLE
4.4. SONGSONG
5.5. DICTIONDICTION
6.6. THOUGHTTHOUGHT
From Aristotle’s From Aristotle’s PoeticsPoetics
The Six Aspects of TragedyThe Six Aspects of Tragedy
**
From Aristotle’s From Aristotle’s PoeticsPoeticsThe Six Aspects of TragedyThe Six Aspects of Tragedy
PLOTPLOT• Plot is the way the incidents are presented to the audiencePlot is the way the incidents are presented to the audience• Must be “whole” –beginning/ middle and endMust be “whole” –beginning/ middle and end
• Incentive moment-Incentive moment- begins cause and effect begins cause and effect• ClimaxClimax• resolutionresolution
• Must be complete and have “unity of action”Must be complete and have “unity of action”• No “deus ex machina”No “deus ex machina”• No “episodic plots”No “episodic plots”
• Plot can be simple or complexPlot can be simple or complex• Catastrophe (cata/strophe): change in fortuneCatastrophe (cata/strophe): change in fortune• Perepetia: a reversalPerepetia: a reversal• Anagnorisis: recognitionAnagnorisis: recognition
Contemporary Short Story Pattern
From Aristotle’s From Aristotle’s PoeticsPoeticsThe Six Aspects of TragedyThe Six Aspects of Tragedy
CHARACTERCHARACTER• Personal motivations intricately connected to cause/ effect Personal motivations intricately connected to cause/ effect
aspect of plotaspect of plot• Protagonist should be renowned and prosperousProtagonist should be renowned and prosperous change change
from good to badfrom good to bad• HubrisHubris• Hamartia: a tragic flawHamartia: a tragic flaw
• Characters should have the following qualities:Characters should have the following qualities:• Good or fineGood or fine• Fitness of characterFitness of character• True to lifeTrue to life• ConsistencyConsistency• Necessary or probableNecessary or probable• Idealized/ ennobledIdealized/ ennobled
From Aristotle’s From Aristotle’s PoeticsPoeticsThe Six Aspects of TragedyThe Six Aspects of Tragedy
THOUGHTTHOUGHT• Reference to themeReference to theme
DICTIONDICTION• Word choice is proper and appropriateWord choice is proper and appropriate• Emphasis on style and use of literary devices Emphasis on style and use of literary devices
(metaphor)(metaphor)SONGSONG
• Musical element of the playMusical element of the play• Use of the chorusUse of the chorus
SPECTACLESPECTACLE* Production for effect* Production for effect
Persuasion and Persuasion and RhetoricRhetoric
David’s Death of Socrates: Neoclassical Period (1787)David’s Death of Socrates: Neoclassical Period (1787)
RhetoricRhetoric
Taught to Greek farmers to make their Taught to Greek farmers to make their cases at court.cases at court.
Aristotle described rhetoric as ‘the Aristotle described rhetoric as ‘the ability, in each particular case, to see ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.”the available means of persuasion.” Dictionary: the art of speaking or writing Dictionary: the art of speaking or writing
effectivelyeffectively Can be negative—”baseless talk or writing”Can be negative—”baseless talk or writing”
RhetoricRhetoric
ETHOSETHOS Appeal based upon the character of the speakerAppeal based upon the character of the speaker Based on reputation of authorBased on reputation of author
OLDOLD FAMILY NAMEFAMILY NAME NOBILITYNOBILITY
NEWNEW TITLETITLE RESUMERESUME APPEARANCEAPPEARANCE
PATHOSPATHOS Appeal based upon emotionAppeal based upon emotion Be wary of becoming mindless in the face of emotionBe wary of becoming mindless in the face of emotion
Pity, shame, indignation, angerPity, shame, indignation, anger
RhetoricRhetoric
LOGOSLOGOS Appeal based on logic or reasonAppeal based on logic or reason Two typesTwo types
INDUCTIVEINDUCTIVE Specific to generalSpecific to general Use of observationsUse of observations
John was late and his hair was messyJohn was late and his hair was messy He overslept. He overslept. DEDUCTIVEDEDUCTIVE
General to specificGeneral to specific Use of syllogismUse of syllogism 1) premise + 2) premise1) premise + 2) premise conclusion conclusion
FALLACIES of REASONINGFALLACIES of REASONING
1. Ad Hominem Circumstantial1. Ad Hominem Circumstantial
2. Ad Hominem Tu Quoque2. Ad Hominem Tu Quoque
3. Ad Populem (Appeal to Belief)3. Ad Populem (Appeal to Belief)
4. Burden of Proof4. Burden of Proof
5. Appeal to Ridicule5. Appeal to Ridicule
6. Bandwagon6. Bandwagon
7. Division7. Division
AD HOMINEM AD HOMINEM CIRCUMSTANTIALCIRCUMSTANTIAL
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
Lumpy can’t possibly be right Lumpy can’t possibly be right about his plan to help the poor about his plan to help the poor because he’s never known what because he’s never known what it’s like to be hungry.it’s like to be hungry.
AD HOMINEMAD HOMINEM
TU QUOQUETU QUOQUE
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
““That hypocrite of a cop who gave That hypocrite of a cop who gave us a ticket for speeding was us a ticket for speeding was completely in the wrong for doing completely in the wrong for doing so because I saw that very same so because I saw that very same officer breaking the speed limit officer breaking the speed limit herself just yesterday!”herself just yesterday!”
BURDEN of PROOFBURDEN of PROOF
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
Joe B:Joe B: “I think we should provide “I think we should provide money to the flood victims in New money to the flood victims in New Orleans.”Orleans.”
Lumpy:Lumpy: “But that’s not a good idea “But that’s not a good idea since we’re starving ourselves.”since we’re starving ourselves.”
Joe B:Joe B: “But how can you possibly “But how can you possibly against helping others?”against helping others?”
BANDWAGONBANDWAGON
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
Hazing the freshman together isn’t Hazing the freshman together isn’t a big deal. Anyway, you should a big deal. Anyway, you should do it if only because if you don’t, do it if only because if you don’t, the team won’t ever trust you the team won’t ever trust you ever again.ever again.
DIVISIONDIVISION
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
That ball is green; therefore the That ball is green; therefore the atoms that make up the ball are atoms that make up the ball are also green.also green.