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Grappling With Complexity: Gender and Equity Aware Participatory Processes in Evaluation
Ranjani.K.Murthy, ConsultantSupported by Indian Social Studies Trust to be present at AEA
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Objectives
• Complexity of gender relations in India
• Opportunities & challenges-globalisation
• Gender and equity aware participatory processes/methods.
• Factors to be kept in mind.
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Inequities that affect Indian Women
Gender
Caste andClass
Ethnicity
Religion
AgeReproduction
related
Relation position
Abilities/illness
Sexual orientation
Which inequity is more stark depends on what one is
talking about
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Changes in gender and social relations
Household 11
Community
Markets
State
RulesPracticesResources People and power
1 4
Globali-sation
Positive Legislati
on
Life cycle
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Why gender-aware participatory evaluation processes?
• To capture changes in social norms, practices, issues of power
• To capture contributions/unintended impact of projects/programs in complex environments.
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Gender and equity aware participatory evaluation
MethodsMethods that are gender and social relations sensitive and participatory
Processes……also that marginalised women participate in defining the contours of the evaluation, process of evaluation, validating findings, and recommending changes (Gaventa and Cornwall, 2006, Harding, 1997, Tupuola, 2006).
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Poverty (Sen, 1980, Murthy and Kappen, 2005)
Dimensions
Food
Clothing
Shelter
Water
HealthEducation
Sleep/Sex
Causes:
Ownership
Consumption
Exchange
Production
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Women’s Empowerment (Rowland, 1998, Kabeer, 2005)
Power to
Power with
Power within
Increase in choices
and agency of women
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Gender and equity aware participatory methods
Engendering existing
participatory methods
Evolving new gender and equity aware participatory
methods
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Example 1: Engendering social mapping and resource mapping
Women’s empowerment and natural resources management project with dalit women (TN)
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Gender and diversity aware resource mapping (TN)
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Example 2: Engendering participatory rankingMaking government services accountable to women
School teachers
come, sexual harassment
reduced
Health Services :
Doctors spend more time
Less corruption
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Gender and equity-specific participatory methods
Methods Methods
Gender division of labour mapping Gender aware road map of changes
Gender based access and resources profile Happiness mapping
Body mapping Caste and gender discrimination mapping
Control over body mapping Story telling on discrimination
Power walk Conflict mapping
Attitude mapping Incidence of violence against women mapping
Gender analysis matrix Empowerment mapping
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Poverty reduction and women’s empowerment projects
• Mobilization of women • Women and livelihoods • Women and governance
• Gender-aware participatory evaluation process ??
• Semi structured intra-household interviews (Control) • Focus group discussion- semi structured• Validation through discussion with service providers • Discussion with implementing agencies
• Gender-aware participatory methods at individual and group level
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How did we choose women?
Representation of progress
Choose women who have progressed, remained same, and deteriorated during the project period
Inter-section of marginalised identities
Selection of women who are dalits, Adivasis, Muslims, single, differently abled, living with HIV, and sexual minorities
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Gender based control over resources (Overholt et al 1985)
Control of women over small animals and cattle had improved as a result of the projects. Control over land and housing still rested with men
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Body mapping:
• Pleasure-womb- giving birth to her children
• Pain- heart-when husband died, also relief
• Shame- vagina/breast –desires, skin dark
• Pride- in her heart as leader/member of her group, she has income in her hand, as manager of common property resources.
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Attitudinal change mapping
Inter caste marriage
Sons as security
Right to say no to
sex
Women Contraception
Property Rights
HW by men
Lineage through
sons
Menstrualtaboos
Only sons can light funeral
pyre
What is present
attitude? If
positive, has it
changed, why?
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Power walk
10
0
Husband
Sarpanch
Police
Mother in law
Upper caste employer
IncomeGroup
backingEthnicit
yAge
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Caste and gender discrimination mapping
Little impact on interaction, and work and resource division
Manual scavenging reduced
Dalit women beginning to attend Gram Sabha
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Violence mapping
Reduction in child
marriage
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Gender and decision making matrix
PGIs placed on the agenda in village assembly, and 60% met
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Overall findings using gender aware participatory evaluation process
Poverty reduction• Agricultural land and water bodies declining • Women’s access to immovable assets difficult to change• Impact on productivity of assets mixed; labour increasing but.. • Equity in consumption still an issue, but improving • Women continue to slip into poverty in gender specific waysEmpowerment:• Attitudes on gender and caste slow to change• Marginalized women beginning to exercise collective power. Not SGIs. • Women’s mobility and access to productive work is expanding,
accompanied by a little help in care work.• Women’s control their bodies still an issue.
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Things to be kept in mind while using gender-aware participatory evaluation methods
• Participant-non participant comparison difficult
• Difficult in conflict zones
• Difficult if linked to funding
• Quantification possible!
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Things to be kept in mind while using gender aware participatory processes/methods
Hamlets of
marginalised
Safe space
ExpertiseKnowled
ge.
Keeping men away
Democr
atic
Drawing a means
Have a male facilitator s to engage men/upper caste
Songs, proverbs, story telling
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Things to be kept in mind while using gender aware participatory processes/methods
Choose
methodsEthical
Same sex facilitator
ReflexivitySubjectivity
TimingTime
Power withCounseling
TOR
Planning
Interpreting
Recommendations
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