Download - Global observations of climatically important atmospheric gases and aerosols during HIPPO
Global observations of climatically important atmospheric gases and aerosols during HIPPO
Britton Stephens (NIWA/NCAR) and HIPPO Science Team
• PIs: Harvard, NCAR, Scripps, NOAA, others• Global and seasonal survey of CO2, O2, CH4, CO, N2O, H2, SF6, COS, CFCs, HCFCs, O3, H2O, CO2 isotopes, Ar, black carbon, and hydrocarbons
• NSF / NCAR Gulfstream V• 5 campaigns over 4 years• Continuous profiling from surface to 10 km, and to 15 km twice per flight
• hippo.ucar.edu (also Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)
Canterbury, New Zealand Brooks Range, AlaskaPago Pago, American Samoa
Model Model Name
1 CSU
2 GCTM
3 UCB
4 UCI
5 JMA
6 MATCH.CCM3
7 MATCH.NCEP
8 MATCH.MACCM2
9 NIES
A NIRE
B TM2
C TM3
Continental-scale carbon flux uncertainties are still very large, owing to biases in atmospheric CO2 transport
[Stephens et al., 2007]
Tropical Land and Northern Land fluxes plotted versus annual-mean northern-
hemisphere vertical CO2 gradient
Aircraft Performance Maximum Range¹ 6,500 nm 12,046 km Maximum Cruise Altitude 51,000 ft 15,545 m Maximum Payload 6,500 lb 2,948 kg
NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V Jet (GV)(HIAPER = High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research)
HIPPO Science Team: Harvard University: S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J. V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, Bin Xiang, G. Santoni; (GEOS-CHEM) D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang
National Center for Atmospheric Research: B. B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton , R. Lueb
NOAA ESRL and CIRES: J. W. Elkins, D. Fahey, R. Gao, F. Moore, S. A. Montzka, J. P. Schwartz, D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, L. A. Watts, R. Spackman, K. Rosenlof, E. Ray
UCSD/Scripps: R. Keeling, J. Bent
Princeton: M. Zondlo, Minghui Diao
U. Miami: E. A. Atlas
TCCON: Vanessa Sherlock et al.
JPL: M. J. Mahoney; (AIRS) M. Chahine, E. Olsen
Cooperating modeling groups: ACTM P. Patra, K. Ishijima; GEMS-MACC R. Engelen; TM3/TM5 Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher;
HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation
O2:N2, CO2, CH4, CO, N2O , other GHGs, CO2 isotopes, Ar/N2, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more
Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps)
O3 (1 Hz)NOAA GMD O3
T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etcBlack Carbon (1 Hz)NOAA SP2H2O (1 Hz)Princeton/SWS VCSEL
CO, CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF6, CH3Br, CH3Cl, H2, H2O
NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s)
CO (1 Hz)NCAR RAF CO
O3 (1 Hz)NOAA CSD O3
CO2 (1 Hz)Harvard OMS CO2
O2:N2 , CO2 (1 Hz)NCAR AO2CO2, CH4, CO, N2O (1 Hz)Harvard/Aerodyne - QCLS
HIPPO_3 Mar/Apr 2010 (same track NB, SB)
HIPPO_4 Jun 2011(NB track TBD)
HIPPO_5 Sep 2011(NB track TBD)
~ 600 vertical profiles; nearly 1000 at HIPPO's conclusion.
HIPPO_2 Nov 2009
HIPPO_1
Xsects along the Dateline
Jan 2009
HIPPO_1
Xsects along the Dateline
Jan 2009
HIPPO_2
Xsects along the Dateline
Nov 2009
N2OCOCH4
Pollution over the Arctic
January 12, 2009
HIPPO1 AO2 Profiles at 80 N
January 20, 2009
HIPPO1 AO2 Profiles at 65 S
Southern Ocean O2 outgassing
O2 Cross Section, January, 2009
per meg
APO Cross Section, January, 2009
Atmospheric Potential Oxygen:APO = O2 + 1.1*CO2
per meg
HIPPO2 and HIPPO3 AO2 Profiles at 67 S
November 2009 April 2010
HIPPO 3 AO2 Profiles at 65 N
HIPPO1 Ar/N2 Data
CFC-11 Halon-1211
Whole-Air Sampling NWAS / AWAS (E. Atlas, S.
Montzka)
Mid-Pacific Sample coverage
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00
CH3CCl3_md2
Methyl chloroform
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
CH2Cl2_md
Dichloromethane
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
100 200 300 400 500
ethyne_md
Ethyne
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Benzene_md
Benzene
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
50 100 150 200 250
DMS_md
Dimethyl Sulfide
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
450 475 500 525 550
OCS_md
Carbonyl Sulfide
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
cs2_md
Carbon Disulfide
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGAL
Tavg
13 25 38 50 63 75
MeONO2_md
Methyl Nitrate
• Earth Simulator – ACTM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AGCM – P. Patra• GEOS-CHEM (NASA DAO) - Harvard Team• MACC-GEMS ECMWF Air Quality and Air Chemistry – R. Engelen• TM3 (NIWA), TM5 planned – S. Mikaloff-Fletcher
Models with detailed simulations of HIPPO Data
Detailed Model results for HIPPO_1:
CO2 SF6 C2H6 CO N2O CH4 O3 PAN NOx HCHO BlkC O2
GEOS_C 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 *ACTM 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0MACC 0 0 1 1, Fcst 0 1 1 1 1 1TM3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CH4 ACTM
HIPPO Obs offset 31 ppb
sources and
vertical and
horizontal transport
sources and
vertical and
horizontal transport
Jan 2009 Observed ACTM (GEIA)
Profiles over Ocean
NH Tropical Troposphere
Arctic Boundary Layer
Plume at 23N, 10km
Plume RF04, 8km
CarbonTracker Comparisons
Preliminary APO comparison
Fluxes:Mean ocean O2: Gruber et al., 2001Seasonal ocean O2 and N2: Garcia and Keeling, 2001Mean ocean N2: Gloor et al., 2001Seasonal + mean ocean CO2: Takahashi et al., 2009Fossil-fuel CO2 and O2: CDIAC
January Mean APO from Climatological fluxes in TM3HIPPO1 APO Observations
per meg
Summary:
• 3 of 5 HIPPO campaigns completed and data are revealing a wealth of information
• A new type of data: global, high-precision, fine-grained, and many species• Clearly dilineate transport processes (warm-conveyor belt, strat-trop
exchange, Arctic cold-dome, marine and continental PBL) and source regions (tropical N2O, marine reactive species, Southern Ocean O2 and CO2) in ways not achieved beforeExpected to challenge models of carbon fluxes and of atmospheric transport and chemistry
• Data will be publicly available 12-18 months post flight• We welcome collaboration with atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial modelers
and with those making measurements on other platforms
NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2)
System components:
note scale change for GEMS