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Geography 59May 31, 2007
Administrative stuffMaine Map Review: Some Important Concepts
Shaded-relief maps, Proportional Symbol Maps, Review: Choropleth Maps
Review: Projections
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Remaining classes – Geog 59
● May 31st : More maps, Review trouble areas + Maine map critique. Review Projections and Lab 5 (Projections)
● June 7th : Review terminology and objectives of the course + Map critique exercise (in-class)
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Remaining classes – cont'd
● June 14th : Read topographic maps, and review important rules that must be followed in your final project. Extra Credit #2 DUE (10 points)
● June 21st : Current topics in Cartography + Any early final project presentations.
● June 28th : Final Projects
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Maine Map
● The maps looked good● Key issues:
– Rules of type placement– Type convention– Element placement– Element balance
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Maine – The rules of type placement
● K & W, page 235 only hints at rules
● Monmonier hardly touches on it
● What are the RULES!??!?!
● They were mentioned in class and are in the slides from May 10th
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Type placement: Point features
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Type placement: Line Features
● Some ambiguity● Generally, use repetition ● Sometimes spreading out the text slightly will
cover needs of the map● Abbreviation is ok for rivers
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Labels on line features
● Avoid upside-down type
● Avoid stretching out too much
● Place text from bottom-to-top, but first try to place horizontally to ease reading
These are good practices
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Map Elements
● Achieve “harmony” in your map by:– Looking for big empty white space(s) – how can you
move elements around to fill that space?
– Being bold about moving around elements to places you might not think are best
– Align objects whenever possible. Create guides to align elements or use alignment tools.
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Moving on....
More Maps!
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More Maps – Topography
● Shaded Relief Maps– Presumes an oblique
light source – Digital Elevation
Models (DEM's) are the main component needed to produce these maps
– ArcMap has good shaded-relief map production capability
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More Maps - Topography
● Contour maps– Can be used to
generate surfaces in ArcMap (interpolation)
– Methods must be understood
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Review: Choropleth Maps
● Good maps for showing changes, percentages, demographics
● Main task is data classification
● Color scheme is important too
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Data-based maps: Proportional Symbols
● Data may be standardized, or may not be standardized
● ArcMap can produce on-the-fly
● Overlap may occur, though no rules exist to manage it
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Dasymetric Maps● Dasymetric maps are
based on standardized data and use area as the mapping unit
● Takes changing densities into consideration – better visualization of diffusive processes
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Dot Maps
● Use to show point events in space – point feature representation
● Use raw data to produce dot maps
● GIS products do not commonly produce dot mapsinto consideration
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And last but not least...
Projections!
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Review: Projections
See the guide on the website – it is based on a lot of detail, but ultimately practitioners use 1-3 projections over and over.
Today's lab exercise is meant to illustrate ArcMap's projection capabilities.
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Decimal Degrees
● The basic unit of latitude and longitude is the degree (°)
● One degree covers a large area. They are most common on GPS units and topographic maps.
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Decimal degrees are...
● Used in many electronic mapping applications. ● Often used (not always) to define a single point
in space● Sometimes in need conversion to Degrees,
Minutes, Seconds ● AND – (important for lab #5)● 1 degree is about 69 miles
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Latitude, Longitude + Minutes + Seconds
● Each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes('). Each minute is divided into 60 seconds('')
● Express as: 1) lat or long
2) minutes
3) seconds
Quadrangle divisions - Wisconsin
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End of lecture – May 31st