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GGeographical Information System
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GGeographical Information System
o A set of tools for Collecting Storing Retrieving Transforming and Display Of Spatial Data from the Real World
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WWhat is a GIS? GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the data items are known, or
can be calculated, in terms of Geographic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)
INFORMATION implies that the data in a GIS are organized to yield
useful knowledge, often as colored maps and images, but also as statistical graphics, tables, and various on-screen responses to interactive queries.
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SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-related
and linked components with different functions. Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for data capture, input, manipulation, transformation, visualization, combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.
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IIntroduction
o Use of Information Technology has enabled a new dimension in the day-to-day functioning of human life in the new Millennium.
o Planning is the basis for Development, which has a multiple effect on the utilization of all the resources and infrastructure facilities.
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o Making the Governmental bodies effective, needs a tool or technology to enable and sensitize the managers or administrators at different levels.
o GIS ( Geographical Information Systems) is one such famous IT application tool which can provide best decision support to bridge the gap between the requirements and the reality.
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o With the exponential growth in IT application and the digital literacy all over the world, and GIS being the most advantageous visual dimension of data base, the potential for GIS application is unlimited .
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RRemote Sensing
o Real information of geography at real times through Satellites. oStarted in 1970’s with the prime objective of obtaining Information about Natural Resources.
oLANDSAT – 1….6 was the first Satellite series launched in the World by Europian Countries.
oIndian Space Programme (Dept. of Space) was set up in 1972.
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oIRS - IC , IRS - ID and IRS - P4 are the latest and currently used Indian Remote Sensing Satellites .
oThe maximum resolution available from IRS data is 5.8 meters.
oIKONOS data- 1 metre resolution
oDigital Globe- 0.5 metres resolution
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AA picture is worth a thousand Words.
o Vision is the most advanced of human senses so it is natural that images play most important role in human perception.
o Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation.
o Ease of storage transmission and representation for machine/human perception.
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DDigital Image
o A digital image is obtained after digitization o Sampling + Quantization Digitization
o Sampling = Spatial sampling o Quantization = finite precision representation of
intensity values o Each sample is called a pixel (picture element)
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IImage – A rectangular array of pixel
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VVisual Image Interpretation
Advantages :- o Human Knowledge and Experience o Parallel Processing o Minimum resources required
Disadvantages :- o Subjective o Inefficient in storage and transmission o No enhancements or image manipulations o No direct use in GIS o Only fixed band combination
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DDigital Image Processing
Advantages :- o Objective o Easy in storage and transmission o Direct use in GIS o Enhancements and image manipulations o Various band combinations for MS sensors o Efficient to detect tonal variations o Good for large area mapping
Disadvantages:- o Difficult to implement Human Expertise o Lot of resources required
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o Pixel to Ground Resolution o Multi-Spectral Image o Multi-Temporal Image o Pseudo Colour Image o True & False Colour Composite
IImportant Terms
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SSpatial Resolutions
Sensor: WiFS Resolution:180m
Sensor: LISS-III Resolution: 24m
Sensor: LISS-IV Resolution:5m
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RED
BLUE
GREEN
FCC
MMulti Spectral Data
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MMulti Spectral Data
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Wheat
Mustard
MMulti Temporal Images (1998-1999)
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PPseudo Colour Image
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FFalse and True Color Composites
False Colour Composite True Colour Composite
NIR Red Green Red Green Blue
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+
=
PAN PAN LISS
MERGED
DData Fusion
High Spatial resolution High Spectral resolution
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GGIS 1. Stands for Geographical Information System
2. Is a decision making tool
3. Readily gives a spatial reference of data (Links data with the related area and thus gives area specific details)
4. A software tool which has all utilities like search, analysis, reproduction etc.
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GGIS Areas Geo Sciences Engineering Transportation Natural resources Environment Planning Administration Management Business
Remote Sensing Image processing Urbun & Rural Development Floods , Disasters Oil exploration Mines Surveys Watershed management Tourism Communications
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SSoftware GIS Image Processing
� ARC INFO � ArcView � MapInfo � MGE � Geomedia � Geoconcept � WINGIS � Microstation � AutoCAD
� ERDAS � ER Mapper � ILWIS � ENVI � PCI � ArcView image analysis � TNTMIPS � Ecognition
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MMajor Services in RS & GIS
o GIS Application Software development o Remote Sensing Application Projects o Thematic Mapping o Digital Image Processing Services o Engineering Application Software solutions o Data Conversions o Complete GIS Implementation o Consultation
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DData Structure…. GIS
GRAPHIC ALPHA NUMERIC
VECTOR RASTER
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
IMAGE
AREAL PHOTOGRAPH
REMOTE SENSED SCANNED IMMAGES
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WWhat Data is in Your GIS?
o What features do you map?
o What attributes do you need to collect data on?
o What attribute values can you give the attribute?
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MMaps And Map Elements
o Maps are graphic representation of our perception of the world around us. They represent cartographic interpretation and simplification of reality.
o Maps provide two types of information o Locational information o Spatial Relationships
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MMaps contains features such as……… Point, Line, Area and Surface
o Maps contain POINT features, LINE features and AREA features
o Point Features :- wells, control points, sample sites, fire stations
o Line Features :- roads, hydro lines, rivers, contour lines,
o Area Features:-urban areas, water bodies, soil/rock units, forest areas
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Point Features o Spatially distributed entities, activities or events o Points have a single geographic coordinate such
as: o Tree o Traffic accident o Lamp post
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Line Features
o Spatially distributed entities, activities or events o Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographic coordinates
joined to form a line such as: o Road o Stream o Railway
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AArea Features
o Spatially distributed entities, activities or o events o Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined together to form a boundary such as: o Lake o Soil types
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DATA
ATTRIBUTE DATA
SPATIAL DATA 1.
2.
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SPATIAL DATA
Raster
Vector
Data Model And Structure
RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL
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o Attributes can be numeric or alfanumeric data that is assigned to a point, line or area spatial features
o Example Attributes… Stand ID, Compartment no,Vegetation type,
Name of the Forest Block,Type of Road,VSS code etc.,
AAttribute Data
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o Topology - mathematical representation of geographic features(arcs, nodes, polygons and points)
o When topology is built, it creates spatial relationship among the features
o Topology can be very important for certain types of analysis.
TTopology
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VVector Data o A vector system usually stores data as coordinates. o For example Each uniform area is surrounded by a set
of straight line segments called vectors. o In a vector based system every point is recorded by a
pair of x and Y coordinates. o Straight line segments called vectors are displayed to
indicate line based data ( roads rivers wells) o The x-y coordinates at the end of each vector can be
digitised and stored. o Most spatial features can be displayed as: - Points-
Line- Polygons
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RRaster Data oA grid (or raster) system stores data as a string of characters in which each character represents a location. oThe basic data unit is a cell or Pixel oEach cell/Pixel is assigned only one value oAn array of Pixels form the entity-Point, Line, Area and surface oThe shape and size of the array determines the basic Resolution oPolygons can be formed indicating areas of homogeneous characteristics
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WWhy GIS ?
o To inventory and monitor resources o To test the sensitivity of our analysis assumptions o To simulate potential impacts of management
alternatives o To make the map the 2nd time, the 50th time, the
100th time...
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UUses of a GIS
o Mapping geographical characteristics for analysis o Modeling alternative processes
for management plans o Managing a utility’s assets o Monitoring changes in environmental factors
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Measuring and Integrating the Parts...
Social Factors
Biodiversity
Engineering
Land Use
Environmental Considerations
…Means Seeing the Whole
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GIS Integrates All the Parts…to See the Whole!
Homes
School Districts
Streets
Zip Codes
Cities
Counties
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TThematic Overlay
1. TOPOGRAPHY 2. BOUNDARIES 3. VILLAGES 4. ROADS
5. DRAINAGE 6. SOILS
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ELEVATION
LAND USE
LAKES
VILLAGES
STREETS
SOILS
TThematic Overlay
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QQuery and Analysis
Data Query Output
Mandals
3 villages of numbers 8,5and 3 are having population more than 1000 and with out a school.
llsls
Zahirabadd
Sadasivapet
Identify villages where population
is > 1000 but no school
Villages Population
Report
Sanga reddy
n5
3 2
8 7
1 4
Village Buffer 5km
6 2
3
4 5 7
3
8 5
6
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TTypical GIS Applications
o Environmental Assessments o Land Information System o Land Use And Thematic Mapping o Health Care, Disease Profile o Forestry And Wild Life Tracking o Waste Land Development o Ground Water Resources Management o Urban And Town Planning o Defenceo Business And Retails
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IIndispensability Of GIS
o Though collection of data is difficult once it is collected, it can be stored safely in digital form (in computer) forever without damage, which usually happens to our maps.
o Once if a map is prepared accurately it can be printed in any scale without any redrawing.
o Large scale maps at smaller units level can be joined for creating maps at divisions or district level, very accurately within few minutes.
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o Changes can be incorporated very easily in computer and it doesn’t require any redrawing.
o Same map can be generated even after 100s of years later.
o New things can be known after overlay of different themes and a new types of maps can be generated.
o Work can be done faster than manually.
o The work of decision makers and end users will become easier.
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WWhat is Photogrammetry?
o Photogrammetry is the art, science and technology of reliable information about physical objects and the environment through processes of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images, patterns of electromagnetic radiant energy and other phenomenon
o Photos = light o Gramma = something drawn or written o Metron = to measure
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SScale variations with flying height
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Terrestrial Photograph Vertical Photograph
SSample Photographs
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TTHANK YOU