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General Body Plan
• Diploblasticepidermisgastrodermis
• Tissue
• Radially symmetrical
• Cnidocytes
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Dimorphism: 2 different body forms are usually present in the life cycle:
General Body Plan
oral
aboral
aboral
oral
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3 Classes• Hydrozoa: polyp dominant
• Scyphozoa: medussadominant
• Anthozoa: no medussa
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The Acoelomates
•Trploblastic animals without a coelom
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3 Embryonic Germ Layers
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
3 Tissue Layers
gastrodermis
mesoderm
epidermis
Acoelomate Characteristics: Triploblastic
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Ectoderm
Endoderm
MesodermGut
Acoelomate Characteristics: Triploblastic
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Acoelomate Characteristics: No coelom
What is a coelom?A body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesodermal tissue. A coelomis not open to the outside of the animal.
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What is a coelom?
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Acoelomate Characteristics: No coelom
endodermendoderm
gut
gut gut
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Acoleomate Characteristics:Level of Organization
Organ-Tissues are organized into organs-mesodermal tissue gives rise to many organs
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Anterior: toward the front of the body
Posterior: toward the rear of the body
Bilateral Symmetry
Acoleomate Characteristics:Body Plan
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Body Plan
Eye spots: photosensitive organs
Auricles: chemoseneory organs
Cephalization: the concentration of sensory organs in the head of the animal
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Acoelomate Phyla
1. Gnathostomulida
2. Platyhelminthes
3. Nemaertea
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
the flatworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes:
•Mostly aquatic, although there are a few terrestrial species.
•Most are small (a few mm), but some can grow to be sever meters long.
•Many are endoparasites of vertebrates.
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Feeding and Digestion
Feeding– Free-living, carnivorous
Many predatory forms have a pharynx that is used to capture prey
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Pharynx: the pharynx is an extension of the gut that can be extruded though the mouth.
Feeding and Digestion
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Feeding– parasitic
hooks
suckers
Parasitic forms often have modified feeding structures (e.g. the anterior end of a tapeworm)
Feeding and Digestion
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Digestion– incomplete digestive system
gut: saclike
pharynx
Feeding and Digestion
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Digestion– many forms have a branched gut
The trilobed gut of a planarian.
Feeding and Digestion
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Digestion– the digestive system is reduced (or
absent) in many parasitic forms
Feeding and Digestion
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Feeding and Digestionintestine
Bdelloura candida
Free-living:branched gut
Grylodactylus
liver fluke: relatively unbranched gut
Taenia pisiformis
intestinal parasite
NO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM !
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Digestion– extracellular (in the intestine)
• proteolytic enzymes released by gastroodermal tissues
– intracellular• phagocytosis by gastrodermal cells
Feeding and Digestion
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Osmoregulation and Excretion
Osmoregulation– Protonephridia and flame cells
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Osmoregulation and Excretion
Protonephridia: a system of tubules used to collect fluid and transport it to the outside of the body
Protonephridia
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Osmoregulation and Excretion
protonephridia flame cell
The beating of the flame cell cilia creates negative pressure which pulls fluid out of the body
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Nervous System
neuron receptor
The Cnidarian nerve net:
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Nervous System
Lateral nerve cords
Cerebral ganglia
Transverse nerves
Platyhelminthes have a more complex nervous system
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Nervous System
light sensitive region
pigment cup
retinular cells
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Support and Locomotion
Skeletal System– No skeletal system
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Locomotion
Many small flatworms crawl on “slime trails” using cilia.
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Locomotion
cilia on the dorsal epidermis
rhabdites: produce mucus
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Locomotion
Large species use circular and longitudinal muscles to swim.
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Locomotion
longitudinal muscles
circular muscles
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Reproduction
Asexual: fissionmany flatworms are capable of reproducing asexually by constricting their bodies and separating into two individuals
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ReproductionAsexual Periods of asexual reproduction are common in many parasites.
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Reproduction
Sexual– usually monoecious, but most must cross fertilize– Internal fertilization (usually reciprocal sperm transfer)
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoda parasitic
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Class Turbellaria
Free-living flatworms
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eye spotcerebral ganglion
pharynx
posterior branches of intestine
ovaries
anterior branch of intestine
nerve cords
testes
Body Plan
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Digestive System
pharynx
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Digestive System
polycladtriclad
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Reproduction
Asexual: fissionmany flatworms are capable of reproducing asexually by constricting their bodies and separating into two individuals
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Reproduction
Sexual– Internal fertilization– Simple life cycle
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoda parasitic
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Adaptations for Parasitism
Increased reproductive potential
The presence of adhesion organs
Poorly developed sensory systems
Reduced or absent digestive system
Resistant cuticle
Complex life cycles
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Class Trematoda
Parasitic FlukesEndoparasites of many animals
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Body Plan
intestine
ventral sucker
oral sucker and mouth
reproductive organs
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Complex Life CycleMost Trematodes have at least two hosts in their life cycle: e.g. the Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis:
•Found throughout Asia•Infects 30 million people•1 fluke can produce 4000 eggs/day
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Complex life cycles: another example
Schistostoma:
•Found throughout Africa and South America
•Infects 200 million people
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malegynecophoriccanal
female
oral suckers
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The creation of the Aswan Dam led to an epidemic of schistosomiasis.
About 50 % of Egyptians living near the dam are now infected.
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Class Cestoda
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Body Plan
scolex
proglottids
2 body regions: scolex and proglottids
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microtriches
Syncitial epidermis: no cell membranes
circular muscles longitudinal muscles
Body Plan: tegument
nucleus
glycocalyx
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Scolex suckers
rostellum
Body Plan
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Proglottids
repeating segments containing reproductive organs
May be immature, mature, or gravid
Body Plan
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Class CestodaImmature proglottids
Immature proglottids are found at the anterior end of the tapeworm and contain no noticeable sex organs
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Class CestodaMature proglottids
Mature proglottids are found in the middle of the tapeworm and contain noticeable sex organs
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Class Cestoda
seminal receptacle
uterus
ovary
vagina
yolk gland
genital pore
Female organs
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Class Cestoda
seminal vesicle
testes
sperm duct
genital pore
Male organs
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Class Cestoda
Individuals are monoecious, Reproduction is sexual
•between proglottids on 1 individual•between individuals•Sperm do not usually fertilize eggs produced within the same proglottid
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Class CestodaGravid proglottids
Gravid proglottids are found at the posterior end of the tapeworm and are shed in the feces.A single proglottid can contain thousands of eggs.
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Cestoda Life CycleAdult tapeworm (in host intestine)
Gravid proglottids
eggs
Vertebrate host #1
Infective stage in host muscle
Vertebrate host #2
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Uninfected population
Infected population
Fundulus parvipinnis
Euhaplorchis califoniensis
Lafferty and Morris 1996
Trematodes and Host Behavior
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Trematodes and Host Morphology
Limb deformities in amphibians have been recorded since the 1950’s.
Since the early 1990s, there has been an apparent increase in the number of frogs found with limb deformities.
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these: Pesticides, UV, parasites…
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Cysts formed by the trematode, Ribeiroia
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Deformities
Survival
Deformities
Survival
Johnson, et al. 1999
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Ribeiroia life cycle
Are deformed frogs more likely to be eaten by snakes?
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There might be more to the story than just parasites:
•Deformities are more common near agricultural run-off.
Agricultural run-off
No run-off
From Kiesecker 2002
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There might be more to the story than just parasites:
•Pesticides affect a frog’s immune response to the parasite.
From Kiesecker 2002
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There might be more to the story than just parasites:
•Trematodes do not induce this type of deformity.
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References:
Kiesecker, J. M. 2002. Synegism between trematodeinfection and pesticide exposure: a link to amphibian limb deformities in nature. PNAS 99(15): 9900-9904.
Johnson, P.T.J., et al. 1999. The effect of trematodeinfection on amphibian limb development and survivorship. Science 284: 802- 804.
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Phylum Nemerteathe ribbonworms
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Physiology
Feeding– Free-living, carnivorous – Have an eversible proboscis that is not
connected to the digestive system
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Physiologyrhynchocoel
proboscis
mouth
rhynchocoelanus
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Physiology
Digestion– extracellular (in the intestine)– intracellular (by gastrodermal cells)– intestine is unbranched– complete system (mouth and anus)
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Physiology
Reproduction
Asexual– Some species are capable of reproducing asexually
through fragmentation and regeneration
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Physiology
Reproduction
Sexual– usually dioecious– Internal fertilization