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Chapter 3
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Refers to the physical and biological attributes of men and women
Includes:Chromosomal◦ xx and xy
Hormonal◦ Testosterone, Estrogen
◦ And…
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Anatomical
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Gender :SocialPsychological Cultural ◦ Masculinity and Femininity
Gender reflects societal attitudes and behavioral expectationsGender identity :◦An individual’s view of herself or himself
as feminine or masculine
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Generally, sex is considered to be an ascribed status
Gender is an achieved status
Examples of gender characteristics?
What physical, emotional, or other characteristics are considered “Masculine” or “Feminine”?
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Gender Roles– Expectations regarding proper:– Behavior– Attitudes– Activities of males and females– Gender roles in work– How we react to othershttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nIXUjz
yMe0
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Gender role socialization is “...a lifelong process whereby people learn:ValuesAttitudesMotivationsBehavior
Considered appropriate to each sex by their culture”
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Children learn proper behavior for girls and boys through:
Parents/family
Media
Peer groups
School
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1. No sissy-stuff – men distance themselves from anything feminine.
2. Big wheel - men should be occupationally or financially successful.
3. Sturdy oak - men should be confident and self-reliant.
4. Give ‘em hell -men should do what is necessary to “make it”
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Women offer emotional support.Ideal woman is:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46UAttractiveNot too competitiveGood listenerAdaptableGood mothersPut needs of others firstSuperwoman - successful at a career and a good wife/motherhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjg_pmdX8no&feature=related
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http://www.pinkisforboys.org/2/post/2012/01/gender-in-baby-cards-1960-video.html
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Women give birth and nurse children, it is natural to provide careNatural division of labor◦ Women more involved in domestic activities ◦ Preparing meals◦ Maintaining a home
MenFinancial support for familyOther economically dominant roles
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Parsons and Bales:Women--Expressive rolesMen-- Instrumental roles
Pre-industrial society=division of labor based on gender.◦ Women nursed and cared for children◦ Men responsible for material needs
Industrialization made traditional division of labor less functional◦ Belief system remains
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Focus-Gender inequalityMen dominate womenGreater control over:EconomicPoliticalSocial resources
No incentive for those in power to give it up or share it.
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Continued domination by males--Requires belief system that supports gender inequality
Two beliefs
1. Women are inferior outside the home
2. Women are more valuable in the home
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Gender and gender roles learned through socialization
Women socialized into expressive roles
Men socialized into instrumental roles
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◦Micro level of behavior (research results)
Men more likely than women to:
Change topic of conversations
Ignore topics chosen by women
Minimize ideas of women
Interrupt women
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Rubin, Provenzano, and Luria, 1974
First 24 hours after birth
Parents described girls & boys differently
No actual differences between them
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Boy babies thought to be more alert, stronger, and firmer
Girl babies described as less attentive, weaker, and more fragile
All newborns are fragile, weak, and generally inattentive
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Jacklin, 1984Boys given blocks and toolsGirls given dolls and easy bake ovens
McHale et al., 1990Boys mow lawnGirls do dishes and babysit
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Jacklin, 1984-parents give:Boys toys that encourage invention & manipulation
Girls toys emphasize caring & imitation
McHale et al., 1990Parents assign boys maintenance choresGive girls domestic tasks
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Peers
School
Media
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In a typical day, 47% of babies and toddlers ages 0 through 1 watch TV or DVDsThose who watch spend an average of nearly two hours (1:54) doing so
Nearly one in three (30%) has a TV in their bedroom (Knowledge Networks survey of 1,384 parents of children ages 0 to 8 years old, May 27-June 15, 2011 )
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In 2005, among children ages 6-23 months, 19% had a TV in bedrooms.
Current study: 6- to 23-month-olds in the current study, 29% have a TV in their bedroom.
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Two-thirds (65%) of 0- to 8-year-olds watch TV at least once every day
◦37% of 0-1 year-olds
◦73% of 2- to 4-year-olds
◦72% of 5- to 8-year-olds
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1. How did the media affect your gender socialization?
2. Do video games socialize children?◦How?
3. How do movies socialize children? ◦What are the messages?◦Examples?