EU, Brussels
June, 2010
EU Green Week 2010
GEF CONTRIBUTION to HEALTHY
ECOSYSTEMS –BASED
APPROACHES for ADAPTATION to &
MITIGATION of CLIMATE CHANGE
1
Mission of the GEFProvide Grants for the Incremental Costs of
achieving Global Environmental Benefits in
support of sustainable development in 6 focal
areas:• Biological Diversity
• Climate Change
• International Waters
• Land Degradation
• Ozone Layer Depletion
• Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs)
CBD
UNFCC
POPS
CCD
GEF
SECRETARIAT
COUNCIL
DONORS
Multilateral
Fund of
Montreal
Protocol
WB
ADB
UNIDO
FAO
IAs
UNEP
EBRD
IFAD
IDB
AfDB
UNDP
NGOs
International
Waters
GEF Organizational Chart
Private
Sector
EOSTAP
CEO / CHAIRMAN
ASSEMBLY
39 Donor Countries: U.S. 22.4%,
Japan 22.2%, Germany 16.7%,
France 11%, UK 11%
To date, GEF has disbursed about
$9.2 Billion and leveraged over $40
Billion in co-financing to over 165
developing countries
GEF Funding
Record 5th Replenishment of the GEF Fund: Donors
pledge $4.25 billion for environmental sustainability in
developing countries
Lower CO2 emissions; expand sustainable management
of protected areas and critical landscapes;
Strengthen multi-state cooperation on trans-boundary
water systems management;
Reduce persistent organic pollutants in land and water;
reduce mercury emissions,
Expand and protect the Earth’s forest cover.
Focus on strategic investments to achieve higher and
multiple environmental benefits impact
Multi-Focal Areas –to Integrate BD, IW, CC
(Mitigate& Adapt), LD, and Persistent Organic
Pollutants – CTI, PAS
GEF-5 Priorities
Role of Healthy Ecosystems in Moderating CC
It is More than Just Carbon Maintaining or improving the ability of forests and oceans
to absorb carbon is a crucial aspect of reducing emissions.
Green or Blue Forests CONSERVATION as we are
reminded from the forest experience & the move from
REDD to REDD+, is not all about carbon..
Forest & Marine Ecosystems should be considered not
only for their potential to store & sequester carbon but also
for all the other services they provide
Forests provide essential ecosystem such as watershed
protection, water flow regulation, nutrient recycling, rainfall
generation &disease regulation
Coastal ecosystems are the basis of the world’s primary
fishing grounds, & are crucial for filtering water; reducing
effects of coastal pollution, nutrient loading &
sedimentation; & buffering the impacts of extreme weather
& erosion
6
Role of Healthy Forests Ecosystems Forests cover about 4 billion hectares or 30% of the
world's total land area. About 21% of forests are still intact.
~13 million ha are lost every year. Deforestation contributes
about 18% of global GHG emissions - more than the
transport sector
Forests provide a wide range of environmental services,
including BD conservation, water supply, carbon
sequestration, flood control, & protection against soil
erosion and desertification
Forests contain about 80% of terrestrial BD
More than 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their
livelihoods
About 10 million people are employed in forest
management and conservation
In 2004, forest products accounted for US$327 billion, or
3.7% of international trade7
Role of Healthy Ocean Ecosystems Coastal/Marine Ecosystems provide nutrition for about 3
billion people, & 50% of animal protein & minerals to 400
million people in LDCs
$70 billion in annual international trade of marine fisheries
products stem from the oceans
Coastal ecosystems filter water; reduce effects of coastal
pollution, nutrient loading & sedimentation; and buffer impacts
of extreme weather and erosion
Half the carbon emitted, which is sequestered by nature, can
be attributed to marine ecosystems, and Earth’s temperature
is regulated by these ecosystems
The marine environment is under significant & increasing
stress – e.g. from the impact of extractive industries, pollution,
overfishing, & elevated carbon dioxide levels resulting in
ocean acidification. These stresses curtail the efficiency of
oceans role as climate moderator and provider of essential
services8
TRENDS
Higher Temperature
Higher Acidity
Rising Coastal Populations
Rising Coastal Industries
Increased Pollution from terrestrial and marine activities
Overfishing
CONSEQUENCES
Rising Sea Levels
Diminished Effectiveness in Regulating Earth’s
Climate leading to increased frequency & intensity of
coastal floods, hurricanes, typhoon, tsunamis
Reduction in Marine BD & Productivity (e.g.
ecosystem services) and Shifts in Distribution of
Species 9
RESPONSES
1. Advancing Management of Ecosystems &
Integrated Approaches in the Context of CC
Ecosystems Management + Science are Key Elements of a National CC Strategy
Some Adaptation Occurring Now – but on a Limited Basis
Integrate a Portfolio of Adaptation and Mitigation Measures to Curtail Risks Associated with CC
Scaling Up is Far from Easy
Challenge:
1. Increase the Number and Impact of Adaptation Projects
2. Increase Mitigation Measures, curtailing sources of Disequilibrium
3. Integrate Adaptation and Mitigation Measures10
2. Get the Science Right & Economic Valuation of
Ecosystems
Make the Business Case for the conservation of forests & coastal/marine ecosystems measured against unsustainable conversion or extinction of ecosystems
Assign Monetary Value to the services provided by ecosystems : e.g. watershed protection; carbon sequestration; BD, water, food supply; etc.
Carbon Sequestration:
1. Develop, & reach scientific consensus on, carbon accounting methodology to underpin further action
2. Develop Financing Mechanisms for green & blue carbon credits, trading, & offsets systems-including exploring potential use of a performance-based REDD+ mechanism
11
Healthy well-managed forests can
provide important environmental
services, including water supply
& protection against soil erosion
14
Healthy Oceans Critical in Capturing
Blue Carbon
Ocean Carbon Storage Pumps Store Permanently Up to 71% of All Carbon Stored in Oceans
≈ Near Half of the Traffic Emissions
Mangroves Sea Grass
Salt Marshes
16
Ocean Blue Carbon Pumps Disappearing Faster Than Any Other Ecosystem and May Be Lost in 2 Decades
Blue Forests: Mangroves
One of the most unique ecosystems on Earth
as they thrive where no other trees can survive
– the transition between the ocean and the
land.
Healthy Mangroves
Buffer zone between ocean & land – coastal
protection
Shelter & food source for aquatic & terrestrial
organisms
Carbon Sinks : Indications are that these habitats
sequester more carbon on a unit basis than
rainforests and can contribute to climate change
mitigation 17
Continue...
CTI - 60,000 km2 of coastal area estimated to
support carbon burial of ~8.3 million tons of CO2
annually (Spalding et al. 2001),
Columbia - More than 2,000 sq km of significant
corals, mangroves and sea grass beds legally
protected within a system of 4 large MPAs
India – More than 3,401 sq km of mangroves
Indonesia: facilitate Protection of 2,085 ha of
mangrove forest in the Cobanos area.
South China Sea & Guinea Current LMEs
Future: Scale-up Coastal Protection of SE Asia
(Indonesia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, Vietnam)
and Africa. 18
Examples of Multiple
Global Environmental
Benefits Programs
19
1. The GEF-4 SFM Program
Open to all GEF beneficiary countries with
forests that can create globally important
environmental benefits
Goal: Sustainable management of forests
to achieve multiple global benefits
GEF resources: $433 million
BD: $335 million; CC: $50 million; LD: $48
million
Tropical Forest Account: $40 million GEF
pilot in REDD+ 20
2. Pacific Alliance for Sustainability
Program (PAS)
Countries: Cook Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia (FSM), Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea (PNG),
Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, Tonga,
Tuvalu and Vanuatu
Goal: to Contribute to Sustainable Development in
the Pacific Islands through Improvements in
Natural Resource and Environmental Management
GEF Resources: US$99.8 million: BD: $39.2M;CC
Adaptation: $28.4M;CC Mitigation: $18.2M;IW:
$9M;POPs: $5.1M
Initial Co-financing: $84.1 million
3. The Coral Triangle Initiative ProgramCountries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Palau and Vanuatu. CTI supports:
• 5 Commercial Tuna Species
• The Richest Concentration of Marine Biodiversity
Focus: Conservation of Tuna & Coral Ecosystems & Poverty Alleviation
GEF Resources: US$63.1 million
• BD: $23.5M
• CC Adaptation: $21M
• IW: $18.6M
Initial Co-financing: $382 million
4. GEF Mediterranean Sustainable
Development Program
“Sustainable MED”
Build a better future for the Mediterranean
communities with a focus on sustainable water
resources management - integrating economic
and environmental progress, including
protecting essential ecological services, and
curtailing global warming
Regional Project implemented by UNEP/MAP:
Integration of climatic variability and change into
national strategies to implement the ICZM
Protocol in the Mediterranean (UNEP)23
GEF Adaptation Strategy
Goal: Support developing countries to
increase resilience to climate change
through implementation of adaptation
measures in development policies,
plans, programs, projects and actions
Objectives: Reduce vulnerability and
increase adaptive capacity
Impact: Reduce absolute losses due
to climate change, including variability24
GEF is involved in 3 Adaptation Fund
Mechanisms
UNFCCC Climate Change
Funds
Kyoto Protocol
Adaptation Fund
Special Climate
Change Fund
(SCCF) Top
Priority to
Adaptation
Least
Developed
Country Fund
(LDCF) NAPA
Preparation &
Implementation
•2% Share of the CDM
Proceeds
•GEF provision of
Secretariat Services
•$120M revenue for the
AF as of May 2010
•$300-500M through
2012
Integrated Climate Change Adaptation in Samoa LDCF/GEF: $2 Million
CC Vulnerabilities:
Sea Level Rise loss of land and salt intrusion into freshwater loss of livelihood
Increased storm activity flooding, loss of life, crops and infrastructure
Increasing frequencies of climate related health problems
Increasing intensity of both rainfall and drought loss of crops and agricultural productivity↓
Adaptation Actions:
Improvement of health sector capacity
Pilot measures on agriculture and food security
Improving and disseminating seasonal forecasts
Improvement of Early Warning System↓
Outcomes:
Decreased loss of life to tropical disease
Increased food and water security
Decreased loss of life and livelihood from climate disaster events
26
LDCF/SCCF Coastal Adaptation
27
Bangladesh: Community Based Adaptation to
Climate Change through Coastal Afforestation
Cambodia: Vulnerability Assessment and
Adaptation Program for Climate Change in the
Coastal Zone including livelihood improvement &
ecosystems
Djibouti: Reducing Impacts and Vulnerability of
Coastal Productive Systems
Egypt: Adaptation to Climate Change in the Nile
Delta through Integrated Coastal Zone
Management
Guinea: Increased Resilience and Adaptation to
Adverse Impacts of Climate Change in Guinea's
Vulnerable Coastal Zones
Haiti: Strengthening adaptive capacities to
address climate change threats on
sustainable development strategies for
coastal communities
Liberia: Enhancing Resilience of vulnerable
coastal areas to climate change risks
Mexico: Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts
on the Coastal Wetlands in the Gulf of Mexico
through Improved Water Resource Management
Tuvalu: Increasing Resilience of Coastal Areas
and Community Settlements to Climate Change
Vietnam: Climate-resilient Infrastructure
Planning and Coastal Zone Development in
Vietnam
Yemen: Integrated Coastal Zone Management
in the Gulf of Aden28
Adaptation to Climate Change in the
Nile Delta through Integrated Coastal
Zone Management - SCCF/UNDP
Objective: Integrate the management
of sea level rise risks into the
development of Egypt’s Low Elevation
Coastal Zone (LECZ) in the Nile Delta
$17 M; $4 M SCCF & $13 M co-
financing
29
Egypt Project Components
1. Regulatory Framework and Institutional
Capacity
→ Outcome: Capacity to improve resilience of
coastal settlements and development
infrastructure is strengthened
2. On the Ground Measures
→ Outcome: Innovative and environmentally
friendly adaptation measures enforced in the
framework of Nile Delta ICZM
3. Knowledge Management
→ Outcome: M&E framework and knowledge
management system in place
www.adaptationlearning.net 30
Integrated Climate Change Adaptation in Samoa LDCF/GEF amount:: $2 Million
CC Vulnerabilities:
Sea Level Rise loss of land and salt intrusion into freshwater loss oflivelihood
Increased storm activity flooding, loss of life, crops and infrastructure
Increasing frequencies of climate related health problems
Increasing intensity of both rainfall and drought loss of crops and agricultural productivity↓
Adaptation Actions:
Improvement of health sector capacity
Pilot measures on agriculture and food security
Improving and disseminating seasonal forecasts
Improvement of Early Warning System↓
Outcomes:
Decreased loss of life to tropical disease
Increased food and water security
Decreased loss of life and livelihood from climate disaster events
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EMPOWER PEOPLE
ACCESS to RESOURCES
CONSERVATION
MANGROVES
CC
32
Common Goal: Sustainability of
Marine ResourcesPartners
Countries•Political Will
•Enabling Conditions for
Sustainable PS Investment
•Clear, Transparent, Predictable
Investment Climate
Fishermen
Small-Scale Fisher Folks
Industrial Fisheries
33
Coral Triangle Initiative
6 Governments
Management, Conservation, and Adaptation to Climate
Change of the Coral Ecosystems and Fisheries 34
Private Sector – Driver of Changes
35
36www.thegef.org
Thank You