Download - Fundoscopy Pictures
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Fundoscopy revision
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Normal fundus
> Colour = pink
> Clear contour
> Normal cup
> No haemorrhages/deposits etc
> Retina in all positions
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Diabetic Retinopathy - BACKGROUND
➢ Non proliferative, no neo-vascularisation
➢ Usually asymptomatic
➢ Occurs in almost everyone with DM in 8-10years
➢ Microaneurysms, retinal haemorrhages (dot/blot),
exudates, cotton wool spots (nerve fibre degeneration),
vascular calibre changes and intraretinal microvascular
abnormalities.
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➢Exudates are yellow areas where lipid has
leaked from damaged vessels.
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Proliferative DR
➢Significant retinal ischaemia (more
common in T1DM) triggers neo-
vascularisation on the optic disc or retina.
➢Small tufts of irregular vasculature
➢ Initially flat then progress and protrude
into the vitreous
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Retinal detachment
➢Medical emergency as complete
detachment causes blindness
➢Usually after post vitreous detachment
(flashes and floaters) or associated with
DM.
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Diabetic maculopathy
➢DR with macula involvement - more
common in T2DR
➢Focal, diffuse, ischaemic - all referring to
haemorrhages of microvasculature
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Diabetic Retinopathy treatment
Laser - focal or grid. Lasering the macula
will blind the patient.
Control diabetes and cardiovascular risk
factors.
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Macular Degeneration
➢Age related (>50yo)
➢Bilateral
➢Progressive central scotoma
➢Dry (atrophy) V. Wet (Neovasculature)
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DRY MD
➢Atrophy of the RPE and choroid
➢Pigmentary changes
➢Drusen - yellow/white accumulates that
deposit between Bruch’s membrane and
the RPE. Tends to be seen around the
macula
➢More common that wet MD, les
debilitating
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Wet MD
➢10% of MD but the severe type
➢New blood vessels form under the retina
and leak/bleed/scar
➢OCCULT AMD is when the new vessels
stay within Bruch’s membrane, CLASSIC
AMD is when the vessels penetrate
through Bruch’s membrane
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Glaucoma
➢Progressive optic neuropathy
➢Peripheral visual field loss
➢Ganglion cells of the optic nerve die
causing cupping
➢The cup thins ~0.8 and no longer follows
the ISNT rule
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Types of glaucoma?
1. Primary open angle - associated with
family history, age and myopia.
Asymptomatic unto field defect.
2. Primary acute angle closed - red eye,
nausea/vomiting, acute pain
3. Secondary
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Papilloedema
➢Bilateral swelling of the optic disc
➢Due to increased intracranial pressure
➢Blurring of the optic disc margins
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Giant cell arteritis
➢ An immune mediated vasculitis
➢ Jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, headache, fever,
bruis, possible blurred/double/lost vision
➢ Associated with polymyalgia rheumatica
➢ High dose steroids prevent blindness
➢ Causes optic atrophy (pale optic disc) and swelling of
the optic disc. Also arterial occlusions
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Optic atrophy
Seen with
➢Optic neuritis (recurrent indicates MS)
➢Giant cell arteritis
➢Foster kennedy (anosmia, central
scotoma, optic atrophy and papilloedema
due to frontal lobe tumour)
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Central retinal artery occlusion
➢Sudden painless LOV
➢Typically due to emboli
➢Cherry red spot
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Central retinal vein occlusion
➢May also be a branch occlusion
➢Due to thrombosis/atherosclerosis
➢Sudden painless LOV
➢Flame hemorrhages
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