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Functions
Arash Rafiey
September 26, 2017
Arash Rafiey Functions
![Page 2: Functions - cs.indstate.educs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec6.pdf · Functions Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program. A function can be de ned as a set of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4ce08b29cf41487291887/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Functions
Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program.
A function can be defined as a set of instructions to perform aspecific task.
In C functions provide reusability of code and improveunderstandability of large programs.
Arash Rafiey Functions
![Page 3: Functions - cs.indstate.educs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec6.pdf · Functions Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program. A function can be de ned as a set of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4ce08b29cf41487291887/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Functions
Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program.
A function can be defined as a set of instructions to perform aspecific task.
In C functions provide reusability of code and improveunderstandability of large programs.
Arash Rafiey Functions
![Page 4: Functions - cs.indstate.educs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec6.pdf · Functions Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program. A function can be de ned as a set of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4ce08b29cf41487291887/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Functions
Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program.
A function can be defined as a set of instructions to perform aspecific task.
In C functions provide reusability of code and improveunderstandability of large programs.
Arash Rafiey Functions
![Page 5: Functions - cs.indstate.educs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec6.pdf · Functions Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program. A function can be de ned as a set of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4ce08b29cf41487291887/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Function Definition
Syntax for function definition:
return type function name ( parameter list )
{
functon body
}
Return type:Functions can return values. return type is the data type ofthe value which the function returns.
If the function does not return any value, then return type isvoid
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Definition
Syntax for function definition:
return type function name ( parameter list )
{
functon body
}
Return type:Functions can return values. return type is the data type ofthe value which the function returns.
If the function does not return any value, then return type isvoid
Arash Rafiey Functions
![Page 7: Functions - cs.indstate.educs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec6.pdf · Functions Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program. A function can be de ned as a set of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4ce08b29cf41487291887/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Function Definition
Syntax for function definition:
return type function name ( parameter list )
{
functon body
}
Return type:Functions can return values. return type is the data type ofthe value which the function returns.
If the function does not return any value, then return type isvoid
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Definition
Parameter list:Parameter list are the parameters ( or arguments) that arepassed to the function when it is called.
It consists of parameter type and parameter name.
A function may contain no parameters.
Function body: The function body consists of statementsthat perform a specific task.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Definition
Parameter list:Parameter list are the parameters ( or arguments) that arepassed to the function when it is called.
It consists of parameter type and parameter name.
A function may contain no parameters.
Function body: The function body consists of statementsthat perform a specific task.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Definition
Parameter list:Parameter list are the parameters ( or arguments) that arepassed to the function when it is called.
It consists of parameter type and parameter name.
A function may contain no parameters.
Function body: The function body consists of statementsthat perform a specific task.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Example
Example: Simple function to find the maximum of two numbers.
int max ( int a, int b )
{
if ( a<b )
return b;
else
return a;
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Example
Example: Simple function to find the maximum of two numbers.
int max ( int a, int b )
{
if ( a<b )
return b;
else
return a;
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Declaration
Function declaration tells the compiler about the function name,return type and the parameters.
Syntax:
return type function name ( parameter list );
Example:
int sum ( int a, int b);
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Declaration
Function declaration tells the compiler about the function name,return type and the parameters.
Syntax:
return type function name ( parameter list );
Example:
int sum ( int a, int b);
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Declaration
Function declaration tells the compiler about the function name,return type and the parameters.
Syntax:
return type function name ( parameter list );
Example:
int sum ( int a, int b);
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Call
A function performs its specified task when it is called by theprogram.
Syntax to call a function:
function name ( parameter(1),...parameter(n) );
Example:
sum( a, b);
If the function returns some value then we can store the returnvalue;
Example:
int x = sum ( a, b );
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Call
A function performs its specified task when it is called by theprogram.
Syntax to call a function:
function name ( parameter(1),...parameter(n) );
Example:
sum( a, b);
If the function returns some value then we can store the returnvalue;
Example:
int x = sum ( a, b );
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Call
A function performs its specified task when it is called by theprogram.
Syntax to call a function:
function name ( parameter(1),...parameter(n) );
Example:
sum( a, b);
If the function returns some value then we can store the returnvalue;
Example:
int x = sum ( a, b );
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function Call
A function performs its specified task when it is called by theprogram.
Syntax to call a function:
function name ( parameter(1),...parameter(n) );
Example:
sum( a, b);
If the function returns some value then we can store the returnvalue;
Example:
int x = sum ( a, b );
Arash Rafiey Functions
![Page 20: Functions - cs.indstate.educs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec6.pdf · Functions Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program. A function can be de ned as a set of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4ce08b29cf41487291887/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Function Call
A function performs its specified task when it is called by theprogram.
Syntax to call a function:
function name ( parameter(1),...parameter(n) );
Example:
sum( a, b);
If the function returns some value then we can store the returnvalue;
Example:
int x = sum ( a, b );
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Example
Example: Program to find factorial of a number.
# include <stdio.h>
long int fact(int);
void main() {
int i,n;long int factorial;
printf(” Enter a number \n”);
scanf(”%d”, &n);
factorial = fact( n );
printf(” Factorial is: %ld”, factorial );
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Example
long int fact( int num ) {
int i;long int f=1;
for (i = 1; i<num; i++)
f = f ∗i ;
return f;
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Sorting an Array
# include <stdio.h>
void sort(int a, int numbers[ ] );
void main() {int i, n;
printf(”Enter number of elements in array \n”);
scanf(”%d”,&n);int arr[n];
printf(”Enter the elements of the array \n”);
for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
scanf(”%d”, &arr[i]);
sort( n, arr );
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Sorting an Array
void sort( int a, int numbers[ ] ) {int i, j, temp;for (i = 0; i<a; i++){
for (j = i+1; j<a; j++) {if (numbers[i]> numbers[j]){temp = numbers[i];
numbers[i] = numbers[j];
numbers[j] = temp; }}}printf(”The numbers in ascending order are: \n”);
for (i = 0; i<a; ++i)
printf(”%d \n”, numbers[i]);
}Arash Rafiey Functions
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Function call
When a function is called, the parameters can be passed in twoways.
Call by value
Call by reference
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by value
Call by value:
In this method the actual value of the parameter is copiedinto the formal parameter of the function.
Formal parameter is the value which is used in the functiondefinition.
Any changes to the formal parameters inside the functiondoes not affect the actual value of the parameters.
In C, call by value is used by default.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by value
Call by value:
In this method the actual value of the parameter is copiedinto the formal parameter of the function.
Formal parameter is the value which is used in the functiondefinition.
Any changes to the formal parameters inside the functiondoes not affect the actual value of the parameters.
In C, call by value is used by default.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by value
Call by value:
In this method the actual value of the parameter is copiedinto the formal parameter of the function.
Formal parameter is the value which is used in the functiondefinition.
Any changes to the formal parameters inside the functiondoes not affect the actual value of the parameters.
In C, call by value is used by default.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by value
Call by value:
In this method the actual value of the parameter is copiedinto the formal parameter of the function.
Formal parameter is the value which is used in the functiondefinition.
Any changes to the formal parameters inside the functiondoes not affect the actual value of the parameters.
In C, call by value is used by default.
Arash Rafiey Functions
![Page 30: Functions - cs.indstate.educs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec6.pdf · Functions Functions are the basic building blocks of a C program. A function can be de ned as a set of](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4ce08b29cf41487291887/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Call by value
Example: Program to swap two numbers using call by value
# include<stdio.h>
void swap( int a, int b);
void main() {
int x = 10, y = 20;
printf(”Values before swap in main x = %d, y = %d \n”,x,y);
//x=10 y=20
swap(x,y);
printf(”Values after swap in main x = %d, y = %d \n”,x,y);
//x=10 y=20
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by value
void swap( int a, int b )
{
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
printf(” Values after swap inside swap function: x = %d, y =%d”, a, b);
//x=20 y=10
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by reference
Call by reference:
In this method the address of the actual parameter is copiedinto the formal parameter of the function.
Actual parameter is the parameter which is used in thefunction call.
Changes to the formal parameters changes the value of theactual parameters.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by reference
Call by reference:
In this method the address of the actual parameter is copiedinto the formal parameter of the function.
Actual parameter is the parameter which is used in thefunction call.
Changes to the formal parameters changes the value of theactual parameters.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by reference
Call by reference:
In this method the address of the actual parameter is copiedinto the formal parameter of the function.
Actual parameter is the parameter which is used in thefunction call.
Changes to the formal parameters changes the value of theactual parameters.
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by reference
Example: Program to swap two numbers using call by reference
# include<stdio.h>
void swap( int ∗a, int ∗b);
void main() {
int x = 10, y = 20;
printf(”Values before swap in main x = %d, y = %d \n”,x,y);
//x=10 y=20
swap(&x,&y);
printf(”Values after swap in main x = %d, y = %d \n”,x,y);
//x=20 y=10
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Call by reference
void swap( int ∗a, int ∗b )
{
int temp;
temp = ∗a; // the value store in “a” is assigned to temp
∗a = ∗b;// here “a” is an address. Exchange the values of the addresses of// “a”, “b”
∗b = temp;
printf(” Values after swap inside swap function: x = %d, y =%d”, ∗a, ∗b);
//x=20 y=10
}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Tutorial for Thursday September 28
Question (1 by Lavanya)
Write a C program to calculate the square of a given number usingfunction concepts. function name: ”square”
Under main() function:1. Read an integer ”n”2. pass ”n” to the function square3. print the outputUnder square(int n) function:1. calculate the square of n2. Store it under a variable ”res”3. return ”res”Sample Output:Enter the number:5Square of given number 5:52 = 25
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Question (2)
Write a program that reads n integer numbers from the user andthen pass them to a function reverse which prints them in thereverse order.
Hint : You need to declare and array and store the numbers in thatarray then pass the array to the reverse fuction which it goes fromthe beginning to the end of the array and print the elements of thearray. (See the slides 23,24).
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Question (3 by Lavanya)
Write a C program using switch-case: if input = A, performaddition operation on given two numbers and return the outputif input = S, perform subtraction operation on given two numbersand return the outputif input = D, perform division operation on given two numbers andreturn the outputif input = E, print ”No operation selected” and exit
Sample Output: Press ”A” for addition, ”S” for subtraction, ”D”for division, ”E” to exitA510Addition operation: 5 + 10 = 15See slide 22http://cs.indstate.edu/~arash/teaching/CS256lec3.pdf
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Question (4)
Write a program that reads two strings A1,A2 from the user andsend them to a function “compare-strings” that checks whetherthey are the same or not.
Hint :bool compare-strings (char A1[], char A2[]);int main() {bool flag; // boolean variablechar A1[30];char A2[30];scanf(“%s”, &A1);scanf(“%s”, &A2);flag=compare-strings(A1,A2);if ( flag ) printf(“the same”);else printf (“different”);}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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bool compare-string (char A1[], char A2[] ) {int len1=0;int len2=0;}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Question (5)
What does this code print ?
int main() {int x=20;int ∗p;p = &x ;∗p = 30;printf(“x is %d ”,x);}
Arash Rafiey Functions
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Question (6)
Write a program that reads two sorted lists (sorted arrays) L1, L2of lengths n,m (respectively) and merge them into a new sortedlist L3.
Sample Input:L1 : 2, 3, 7, 10, 21, 37 and L2 : 1, 2, 9, 45
Output :L3 : 1, 2, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 21, 37, 45
Arash Rafiey Functions