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information(internal and external world)
awareness
sensory system:process afferent sensory information
Different energy forms of information: Pressure Temperature Light Odorant Sound wave Chemical
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Skin Muscle viscera
Visual Auditory Vestibular Chemical
special sensory system
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Section A Sensory Functions of Nervous System
Section B Special Sensory System Vision Hearing
Sensory Physiology
Some General Principles
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Sensory System:
Section A Sensory Functions of Nervous System
sensory receptor : structure that receive stimulus from the external or internal environment
neural pathway (conduct information : receptors brain or spinal cord)
some part of the brain (deal primarily with processing the information)
General Principles
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sensory information awareness: no awareness:
hothotblood pressure fluctuateblood pressure fluctuate
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sound waves sound waves
receptor potentials
action potentials electrical impulse CNS hearing sound waves
Hearing Sensory system Telephone equipment
Receiver (physics)(physiology)
code
Sensory Processing steps:
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General classes of receptors (by the sensitive type of energy) Mechanoreceptor Thermoreceptor eletromagnetic receptor Chemoreceptor Nociceptor ( 伤害性 ~)
Sensory receptors
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Each of the sensory receptors responds much more readily to one form of energy than to others.
Adequate stimulus : the type of energy to which a particular receptor
responds sensitively in normal function. light energylight energy sound sound energy light receptor lightenergy light receptor light a poke in eyea poke in eye
1.Adequate stimulus of receptors
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Sensory receptor ( energy forms ---electrical language ) 1.separate cell 2.specialized ending of afferent neuron
感受器电位发生器电位
Receptor potentialgenerator potential
2.Transduction of receptors
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Receptor/generator potential
不具有“全或无”性质有总和现象呈电紧张形式短距离扩布
action potential
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( energy forms ---electrical language ) 基本信息:刺激的模式、强度、部位、时间 刺激的强度 感受器 单一神经纤维上冲动频率 传输的神经纤维数目
3.Coding action of receptors
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Adaptation
4. Adaptation of receptors
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Rapidly adapting receptors: clothes pressing on one’s skinclothes pressing on one’s skin Slowly adapting receptors: joint and muscle receptorsjoint and muscle receptors : : standing for long timestanding for long time
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Visual Function of EyeAdequate stimulus: electromagnetic wave of 370-740 nm
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外层:角膜、巩膜 中层:脉络膜、睫状体、虹膜 内层:视网膜
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Optical system :Cornea Aqueous humorCrystalline lensVitreous humor (body)
Optics characteristics of dioptric system of eye
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scatter
concave lens
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focus
convex lens
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Reduced eye
ab/AB=bn/Bn ab=AB*bn/Bn
Simplifiedschematically
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The parallel rays focus on the retina (6 m away)
The scattering rays focus behind the retina (within 6 m)
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1. lens change to convex :near object→blurred image→Via the optic nerve to the visual cortex→midbrain →Parasympathetic fibers→contraction of the ciliary muscle→loose of the zonular fibers→increases curvature of the lens→the image moves forward to the retina → clear vision
Accommodation of eye
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meters
6 meters
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Near point : means the minimum distance that the eye can see the object clearly.
depends on :flexibility of the lens
AgeThe flexibility decreases, the accommodation decreases too, the near point moves away from cornea. (presbyopia)
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2.pupillary constriction :function: control the light --- eye reduces spherical and chromatic aberrations
Parasympathetic fiber in the oculomotornerve→Contraction of the sphincter of iris
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3.convergence of the eyeball (eye axle)
Function: ensures the rays from the object to fall on the corresponding part of each retina (diplopia, double vision)
Oculomotor nerve→Contraction of the two medial rectus muscles
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Pupillary light reflex
Means that the size of pupil changes with the intensity of rays.
Rays → retina → tectum of midbrain→ E-W’s nucleus → Parasympathetic fiber in
the oculomotor nerve → Contraction of the sphincter of pupil ( both side )
Significance : regulates the ray amount entering eye , protects the retina
diagnose
1.5 ~ 8.0 mm
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concave lensmyopia
hyperopia
Astigmatism
convex lens
normal
cylindrical lens
abnormal accommodation
near object
far object
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眼的折光能力和调节能力异常 1. 近视: 原因:眼球前后径过长或眼折光过度,使远处 物体发来的平行光线聚焦于视网膜之前 而致物象模糊,近点移近。 矫正 : 凹透镜
2. 远视: 原因:眼球前后径过短,少数因眼折光能力不 足,使远处物体发来的平行光线聚焦于 视网膜之后而致视物模糊,近点移远。 矫正 : 凸透镜
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3. 散光: 原因:折光表面不呈正球面,如角膜,远物发 来的平行光线有的聚焦于视网膜的前方, 有的聚焦于视网膜的后方,引起视物模糊 或变形。 矫正:适当的柱面镜
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Structure of retina and two photosensory transduction system
Retinal layers :①pigment epithelial layer(melanin granule and vitA)protection and nutrition( to Photoreceptor cell)
Retina
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Outer segment: (visual pigment) rod: thin,rod-like cone: conical
Inner segment:
Cell body:
Synaptic terminals:
② Photoreceptor cell layer 视锥视杆
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rod cone
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光 - 电转换的关键部位:外段静息电位:约为 -30mV ~ -40mV
机制:无光照时视杆细胞的外段膜对 Na+ 有 较大的通透性,使 Na+ 有一定程度的 内流所致
视杆细胞外段的超微结构和感受器电位
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感受器电位:超极化型慢电位机制:光量子被视紫红质吸收→视蛋白变构→传递蛋白激活→磷酸二脂酶激活→
cGMP 大量分解→外段膜 Na+ 通道开放减少-→ 超级化型感受器电位 - 电紧张形式→视终足,影响终足处的递质释放。
Na+
--- -
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③bipolar cell layer (双极细胞)Connect to synaptic terminals
and ganglion cell
④ ganglion cell layer ( 神经节细胞 )
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Two photosensory transduction system items cone system rod system distribution center(more) peripheral(more) transmit : convergence low high visual pigment iodopsin(3) rhodopsin light sensitivity bad better vision photopic scotopic visual acuity good bad Resolving power good bad color vision yes no animal species chicken Owl
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Mechanism of photosensory transduction in Rods
No VitA: nyctalopia(night blindness)
scotopsin
rhodopsin
11-cis-retinene
VitA
11-trans-retinene
dark light rhodopsin
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Mechanism of photosensory transduction in Rods
No VitA: nyctalopia(night blindness)
3 proteins
rhodopsin
11-cis-retinene
VitA
11-trans-retinene
dark light iodopsin
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bright
dark
compose
rhodopsin in rods
decompose
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视网膜的视觉信息处理( Information disposal of retina )光照→感光细胞产生感受器电位→电紧张性扩布 →突触前膜释放递质→双极细胞发生慢电位变化→神经节细胞产生动作电位→视神经→视觉中枢→产生视觉。
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Dark adaptationthe process that when a person goes into a dark room , he can see something after sometime.
Rhodopsin synthesis increases
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Light adaptation
the process that when a person goes into a light place , he can see something clearly after a few seconds.
(Rhodopsin decomposes, cone system is working)
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Tricolor theory of color vision iodopsin: red-sensitive cones green-sensitive cones blue-sensitive cones
combination of blue, green and red cones
trichromat dichromat
monochromat( 全色盲 )
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Visual acuity :means the maximal ability that eyes distinguish
the minimum distance of two points.Photo receptor cell
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Visual field the entire field of vision
of an individual eye which only looks on one point.
nasal halves
temporal
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- Define sensory receptor and sensory transduction.-How is imformation about stimulus intensity coded by the nervous system?- Describe accomriodation of eyes.-Compare the characteristics of rods and cones.-Describe the mechanism of photoreceptor cell potential generation.-List the sequence of events that occurs between the entry of a sound wave into the external auditory canal and the firing of action potentials in the cochlear nerve.- Describe vestibular apparatus and edequaate stimulus.-What is the relationship betweet head movement and cupula movement in a semicircular canal?
C10 SENSE ORGANS