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Lab Group Manager, Fuel and Emissions Treatment Systems
General Motors R&D Center, Warren, MI
Norman D. Brinkman
Fuels and Propulsion Systems for
the Future
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2
GM Sees a Change Coming
Drivers for Change
World population and global vehicle parc
Transportation “Well-to-Wheels” CO2 emissions
Energy security
Demand for country or region-specific solutions
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3
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau International Population Database, GM Global Market & Industry Ana
Transportation is a growth
industry!
8
6
4
2
0
16%
12%
10%
8%
0%
Billio
ns
Perc
en
t
1980 1990 2000 2020
World Population Global Vehicle Parc
12%
15%
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Transportation “Well-to-Wheels CO2
Emissions
Note: Each curve represents the effects ofindividual technology penetrations to near 100%without regard to feasibility
Source: World Business Councilfor Sustainable Development
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5
111
88
146
195
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2003 2030
Non-OECD
OECD
56
79
37
45
23
37
18
23
39
106
9
18
6
1310
22
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
OECD
North
America
OECD
Europe
Non-
OECD
Europe-
Eurasia
OECD
Asia
Non-
OECD
Asia
Middle
East
Africa Central
& South
America
2003
2030
Global Energy Demand – 2030
1.3%
0.7%
1.8%
1.0%
3.7%
2.4%2.6%
2.8%
3.0%
1.0%
Global: 2.0%/yr
70% over 2003MBDOE
MBDOE
Source: DOE-EIA 2006
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So What’s the Solution?
In GM’s view we must
Increase fuel efficiency of conventional propulsionvehicles in response to market demands
Displace a portion of petroleum fuel usage
Diversify energy sources for use in transportationapplications
Reduce net emissions of carbon dioxide
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GM Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy
Improved
Vehicle Fuel
Economy &
Emissions
Reduced
Petroleum
Consumption
Fuel
Infrastructure
Hybrid ElectricVehicles (incl.Plug-In HEV)
IC Engine andTransmissionImprovements
Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles
Battery ElectricVehicles
Near-Term Mid-Term Long-Term
Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)
Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Bio-diesel)
Hydrogen
Electricity (Conventional & Alternative Sources)
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8
GM Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy
Improved
Vehicle Fuel
Economy &
Emissions
Reduced
Petroleum
Consumption
Fuel
Infrastructure
Hybrid ElectricVehicles (incl.Plug-In HEV)
IC Engine andTransmissionImprovements
Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles
Battery ElectricVehicles
Near-Term Mid-Term Long-Term
Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)
Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Bio-diesel)
Hydrogen
Electricity (Conventional & Alternative Sources)
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Conventional Propulsion Systems
Improve fuel efficiency:Active Fuel ManagementVariable Valve Timing (VVT)Direct InjectionTurbochargingLean Combustion: HCCI / Stratified
Gasoline Diesel
Improve Emissions:Low-Temperature CombustionAdvanced Air HandlingModel-Based & Closed-Loop ControlEfficient NOx aftertreatment
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GM Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy
Improved
Vehicle Fuel
Economy &
Emissions
Reduced
Petroleum
Consumption
Fuel
Infrastructure
Hybrid ElectricVehicles (incl.Plug-In HEV)
IC Engine andTransmissionImprovements
Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles
Battery ElectricVehicles
Near-Term Mid-Term Long-Term
Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)
Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Bio-diesel)
Hydrogen
Electricity (Conventional & Alternative Sources)
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11
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 20092006 2010
GM Hybrid Portfolio
HybridHybrid
2-Mode2-Mode
HybridHybrid
Light HybridLight Hybrid
GM/Allison Hybrid Bus
Tahoe/Yukon
Escalade
Silverado/Sierra
2-Mode2-Mode
HybridHybrid
Saturn AURA/Chevy Malibu
Saturn VUE
2-Mode2-Mode
Plug-InPlug-In
Saturn VUE
Saturn VUE (timing not announced)
Chevy Silverado/GMC Sierra
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Chevy Volt Concept
Electric Drive Motor
120 kW / 320Nm (peak)
Li Ion Battery Pack
136 kW peak power
16 kWh energy
53 kW Generator
Internal CombustionEngine
1.0L 3-cylinder turbo
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Advanced Battery Technology
Much improvement over time
Focused on “power” for hybrids,NOT “energy” for plug-insand pure electric vehicles
Lithium-ion chemistry canprovide both power andenergy
Greatest hurdle: Develop large, high-volume lithium-ion battery packs
Individual cells that meet requirements exist
Cost ($/kWh)
Requires intensive development with battery sources
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GM Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy
Improved
Vehicle Fuel
Economy &
Emissions
Reduced
Petroleum
Consumption
Fuel
Infrastructure
Hybrid ElectricVehicles (incl.Plug-In HEV)
IC Engine andTransmissionImprovements
Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles
Battery ElectricVehicles
Near-Term Mid-Term Long-Term
Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)
Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Bio-diesel)
Hydrogen
Electricity (Conventional & Alternative Sources)
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GM’s Newest Fuel Cell Stack
Power:
73kW continuous
110kW peak
Power density:
1.6kW/liter
4th generation fuel cell stack
372 single fuel cells
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Project Driveway - 100 Vehicle
FleetWorld’s largest fuel cell vehicle fleet
With customers later this year
4th-generation fuel cell propulsion
Engineered for 50,000 miles of life
Able to start and operatein sub-freezingtemperatures.
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GM Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy
Improved
Vehicle Fuel
Economy &
Emissions
Reduced
Petroleum
Consumption
What about
Energy Source
Diversification?
Hybrid ElectricVehicles (incl.Plug-In HEV)
IC Engine andTransmissionImprovements
Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles
Battery ElectricVehicles
Near-Term Mid-Term Long-Term
Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)
Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Bio-diesel)
Hydrogen
Electricity (Conventional & Alternative Sources)
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Alternate Resources – A Blending
Strategy
Fuel-Cell ElectricHydrogen
ShiftReaction
Energy Carrier Propulsion SystemConversionEnergy Resource
Ele
ctr
ific
ati
on
Ele
ctr
ific
ati
on
ICE Hybrid
Conventional ICE:
Gasoline / Diesel Liquid
Fuels
Petroleum FuelsOil(Conventional)
Oil(Non-Conventional)
Liquid Fuels / Electricity / Hydrogen as the In-Vehicle Energy Carriers
Cri
tical D
ep
en
den
cy o
n B
att
ery
Tech
no
log
y
Electricity
Heat
Renewables(Solar, Wind, Hydro)
Nuclear
Plug-In Hybrid ICE
Electric Vehicle
Syngas
CO, H2
Methanol
orFischer
Tropsch
Coal
Natural Gas
1st and 2nd Generation Biofuels
Biomass
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Electricity: Energy Diversity
ExemplifiedDiverse energy sources areused for electricity generation– based on local resources
Existing, global infrastructurewith clearly-defined standards
Efficient transmission system
Spare generation capacityexists: US “valley filling” up to43% of light-duty fleet *
Energy from Renewables(17%)
High growth (~52%) but justkeeping up with overalldemand growth
Hydropower alreadymaximixed
Global Electricity Generation 2003
Generation capacityalready exists
Baseload: Nuclear, hydro
Baseload: Coal
MidnightNoonMidnight Noon Midnight
Ele
ctr
icit
y D
em
an
d
Peak Peak
US Daily Load Shape
* PNNL Report 2007; 33miles/day commute
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BIOFUELSare part of the solution
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U.S. Ethanol Production
0
10
20
30
2000 2005 2010 2015
Billio
n g
al./y
r.
RFA Data
U.S. Government
Survey
E10 limit
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Chevy Avalanche ,
Suburban & Tahoe
GMC Yukon &
Yukon XL
Chevy SilveradoGMC Sierra
Chevy Uplander
Chevy Monte Carlo
Chevy Impala
The GM U.S. “FlexFuel Club”17 models for 2007 MY!
GMC Savana
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Global Renewable Fuels
In Brazil, FlexPower is now available inevery passenger car model.FlexPower models account for 90%of sales.
In Sweden, Saab leads theenvironment-friendly car segmentwith 9-5 BioPower, accounting for85% of Saab 9-5 sales.
In U.S., GM has 2 million FlexFuelE85-capable vehicles on theroad. Building >400,000 moreevery year.
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Biofuels will play a key role
Achieving the maximum potential of biofuels willrequire continued innovation
Plants with high yields and low resource inputs
Low cost cellulosic conversion technologies
Improved systems for resource and fuel logistics
Propulsion technologies that maximize “Field-to-Wheels” fuel efficiency
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But what about
COAL?
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World Coal Reserves
Exajoules
Source: Businessweek 2006
Three expected largest automobilemarkets have much coal, but little oil
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Multiple Options for Coal
Fuel-Cell ElectricHydrogen
ShiftReaction
Energy Carrier Propulsion SystemConversionEnergy Resource
Ele
ctr
ific
ati
on
Ele
ctr
ific
ati
on
ICE Hybrid
Conventional ICE:
Gasoline / Diesel Liquid
Fuels
Syngas
CO, H2
XTL or
Methanol
Coal
Cri
tical D
ep
en
den
cy o
n B
att
ery
Tech
no
log
y
Electricity
Heat
Plug-In Hybrid ICE
Electric Vehicle
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How will Coal be Used?
Coal to liquidsFischer Tropsch liquids compatible with oil infrastructure
Methanol and dimethyl ether lower manufacturinginvestment
China is the place to watch
ElectricityMuch progress still needed in battery cost andperformance
Hydrogen Storage technology and infrastructure
Affordable CO2 sequestration will be the key to largescale use of coal
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Fuels and Propulsion are a System
Fuel-Cell ElectricHydrogen
ShiftReaction
Energy Carrier Propulsion SystemConversionEnergy Resource
Ele
ctr
ific
ati
on
Ele
ctr
ific
ati
on
ICE Hybrid
Conventional ICE:
Gasoline / Diesel Liquid
Fuels
Petroleum FuelsOil(Conventional)
Oil(Non-Conventional)
Syngas
CO, H2
XTL or
Methanol
Coal
Natural Gas
1st and 2nd Generation Biofuels
Biomass
Cri
tical D
ep
en
den
cy o
n B
att
ery
Tech
no
log
y
Electricity
Heat
Renewables(Solar, Wind, Hydro)
Nuclear
Plug-In Hybrid ICE
Electric Vehicle
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Characteristics of best fuels/propulsion
system
On a well to wheels basis, maximizes the distancedriven per
Unit resource (barrel, ton, or acre)
Ton of CO2 or other emissions
Dollar
Minimizes negative impacts on society
Flexible to permit regions to use resources theyhave available
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Key Research Required
Low cost battery technology
Low cost, high density hydrogen storage
Cost effective logistics and distribution systems foralternative fuels
Low CO2 biofuels, such as cellulosic ethanol
Affordable CO2 sequestration, especially for coal-derived fuels
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Summary
General Motors is Committed to
Implement Advanced Propulsion Technologies tooptimize fuel efficiency and minimize emissions
Accelerate the utilization of biomass with E85 andBio Diesel capable propulsion systems
Drive the electrification of the vehicle
Reinvent the automobile with a viable automotivefuel cell system
Work closely with all stakeholders make sure wehave the best fuels/propulsion system