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Freshwater Mussels of the SOSMART Area
Todd J. Morris1 and Scott Reid2
1GLLFAS, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON2ARDS, OMNR, Peterborough, ON
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Overview
• Biology/Ecology• Distribution• Species at Risk• Sampling and Monitoring
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Mussel Ecology
Unionids cycle nutrients, transfer energy within ecosystems, provide habitat and clarify water bodies (Dillon 2001, Vaughn et al. 2008)
Algae
Detritus
Bacteria
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Haag and Rypel 2010
Long Life-spans
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Rep
rodu
ctio
n
©M. C. Barnhart
http://www.nature.ca/rideau/j/images/img0065.jpg
K. McNichols University of Guelph
Complex Life Cycle
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Reproductive TacticsBroadcast Release
Lures pre-glochidial releasepost-glochidial release
Host Capture
many glochidia, low cost,low success, host generalists
few glochidia, high cost,high success, specialists
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Mussel Lures
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• 842 recognized species world-wide (Order: Unionoida)
• 302 in North America (2 Families)
• 55 in Canada (2 families)
• 41 in Ontario (1 Family)
Global Diversity
Graf and Cummings 2009
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Mussel Hot-SpotsD
istri
butio
n
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Mussel Hot-SpotsD
istri
butio
n
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Species at Risk
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Nationally at Risk
65% of Canadian mussel species are in need of conservation
Source: Wild Species 2000; National General Status Assessment for Freshwater Mussels (2004)
Spe
cies
at R
isk
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Nationally at Risk
• 55 species in Canada• 18 COSEWIC listed species
• 1 Extirpated • 13 Endangered • 1 Threatened• 3 Special Concern
• 15 Candidate species awaiting assessment
Spe
cies
at R
isk
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SAR Distribution within SOSMART
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Rainbow Habitat• Small to medium-sized rivers
and inland lakes• Historically: shallow nearshore
areas of the lower Great Lakes• In or near riffles• emergent vegetation moderate
to strong current• cobble, gravel, sand • clean, well-oxygenated• Depths < 1 mRainbow – END (SARA)
TH (ESA)
D. McGoldrick, NWRI
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Rainbow
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http:// www.conservation.state.mo.us /conmag/2003/08/10.htm
D. Mc Goldrick, NWRI, ECRainbow
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Eastern Pondmussel• Habitat
– Sheltered areas of lakes, slack-water areas of rivers and canals
– Prefer fine substrates and mud
– Depths (03-4.5m)– L. St. Clair >95% sand– Lower reaches of rivers
Eastern Pondmussel – END
S Staton (NWRI)
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Eastern Pondmussel
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MapleleafHabitat:• medium to large rivers • firmly packed coarse gravel
and sand to a substrate of firmly packed clay/mud (broad range)
• historically from larger lakes, but recent data indicate it has largely been lost from these habitats Mapleleaf – THR
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Mapleleaf
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LilliputHabitat:• Low gradient streams/rivers,
coastal wetlands • Soft substrates – mud and silt• Highly turbid systems• Previously thought restricted to
L. Erie watershed but no known from L. Ontario.
Lilliput – COSEWIC Candidate
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Sampling/Monitoring
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Sampling Methods• Wadable/accessible sites
– Inventory– Life history
• Non-wadable/accessible sites
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Timed-searches
Ideal for first time surveysRiver bottom visually searched for a set amount of time – 4.5 person-hours
Data:
Species presence/absenceRelative abundance (CPUE)Distribution patterns (within watershed)Size class distributionsSex ratios
Wadable - Inventory
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Advantages:• Cheap and requires little planning• Easy to execute in the field
Limitations:• Easily biased• Small species & juveniles often
overlooked• Not great at estimating population
size• No statistical rigor
# species found related to effort!
Wadable - Inventory
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Systematic sampling with excavation
Ideal for determining population size and trend through time
Can easily be adapted for a wide range of applicationsData:
DensityDistribution patterns (within site)Micro-habitat preferencesSize class distributionsSex ratios
Wadable – Life History
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Upstream
Acr
oss
Wadable – Life History
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Advantages:• Gives precise estimates for
patchily distributed populations• Spreads sampling effort throughout
the survey site• Can calculate variance for
statistical analyses
Limitations:• Labour intensive• Requires a minimum of 3 people
(4 ideal)
Wadable – Life History
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Non-wadable, high visibility
65 m2
Data:
Species presence/absenceDensitySize class distributionsSex ratios
Snorkelling/Diving
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Non-wadable, low visibility
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Non-wadable, low visibility
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Non-wadable, low visibility
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Non-wadable, low visibility
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Additional InformationOntario Freshwater Mussel Recovery Team
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